Old World Monkeys are less than ideal transplantation models for testing pig organs lacking three carbohydrate antigens (Triple-Knockout)

Human natural antibodies to mammalian carbohydrate antigens (MCA) bind to carbohydrate-antigens synthesized in other mammalian species and protect against zoonotic virus infections. Three such anti-MCA antibodies are: (1) anti-Gal, also produced in Old-World monkeys and apes, binds to α-gal epitopes synthesized in non-primate mammals, lemurs, and New-World monkeys; (2) anti-Neu5Gc binds to Neu5Gc (N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid) synthesized in apes, Old-World monkeys, and many non-primate mammals; and (3) anti-Forssman binds to Forssman-antigen synthesized in various mammals. Anti-viral protection by anti-MCA antibodies is feasible because carbohydrate chains of virus envelopes are synthesized by host glycosylation machinery and thus are similar to those of their mammalian hosts. Analysis of MCA glycosyltransferase genes suggests that anti-Gal appeared in ancestral Old-World primates following catastrophic selection processes in which parental populations synthesizing α-gal epitopes were eliminated in enveloped virus epidemics. However, few mutated offspring in which the α1,3galactosyltransferase gene was accidentally inactivated produced natural anti-Gal that destroyed viruses presenting α-gal epitopes, thereby preventing extinction of mutated offspring. Similarly, few mutated hominin offspring that ceased to synthesize Neu5Gc produced anti-Neu5Gc, which destroyed viruses presenting Neu5Gc synthesized in parental hominin populations. A present-day example for few humans having mutations that prevent synthesis of a common carbohydrate antigen (produced in >99.99% of humans) is blood-group Bombay individuals with mutations inactivating H-transferase; thus, they cannot synthesize blood-group O (H-antigen) but produce anti-H antibody. Anti-MCA antibodies prevented past extinctions mediated by enveloped virus epidemics, presently protect against zoonotic-viruses, and may protect in future epidemics. Travelers to regions with endemic zoonotic viruses may benefit from vaccinations elevating protective anti-MCA antibody titers.

Download Full-text

Ultrastructure and analytical microprobe analysis of simian lung mite pigments

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100143249 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 324-325

Author(s):

R. W. Cole ◽

J. C. Kim

Keyword(s):

Biomedical Research ◽

Tissue Damage ◽

Microprobe Analysis ◽

Old World Monkeys ◽

Old World ◽

Experimental Animals ◽

The Past ◽

Lung Mite ◽

Mite Infestations ◽

Cardiopulmonary System

In recent years, non-human primates have become indispensable as experimental animals in many fields of biomedical research. Pharmaceutical and related industries alone use about 2000,000 primates a year. Respiratory mite infestations in lungs of old world monkeys are of particular concern because the resulting tissue damage can directly effect experimental results, especially in those studies involving the cardiopulmonary system. There has been increasing documentation of primate parasitology in the past twenty years.

Download Full-text

Comparisons of the immunological properties of two structural polypeptides of type C RNA viruses endogenous to old world monkeys.

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.17.2.374-384.1976 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 374-384 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

J R Stephenson ◽

R K Reynolds ◽

S A Aaronson

Keyword(s):

Rna Viruses ◽

Old World Monkeys ◽

Old World ◽

Immunological Properties ◽

Type C

Download Full-text

Relationship between sacral shape variation and phylogeny in Old World monkeys

Journal of Morphology ◽

10.1002/jmor.21384 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sayaka Tojima

Keyword(s):

Old World Monkeys ◽

Shape Variation ◽

Old World

Download Full-text

Variation of the number of proximal caudal vertebrae with tail reduction in Old World monkeys

Primates ◽

10.1007/s10329-014-0429-z ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

pp. 509-514 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sayaka Tojima

Keyword(s):

Old World Monkeys ◽

Old World ◽

Caudal Vertebrae

Download Full-text

“Tho' she kneel'd in that place where they grew…” The uses and origins of primate colour vision

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.146.1.21 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 146 (1) ◽

pp. 21-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. D. Mollon

Keyword(s):

X Chromosome ◽

Colour Vision ◽

Visual Pathway ◽

New World Monkeys ◽

Old World Monkeys ◽

Old World ◽

Early Stages ◽

Local Sign ◽

Retinal Photoreceptor ◽

Recent Duplication

The disabilities experienced by colour-blind people show us the biological advantages of colour vision in detecting targets, in segregating the visual field and in identifying particular objects or states. Human dichromats have especial difficulty in detecting coloured fruit against dappled foliage that varies randomly in luminosity; it is suggested that yellow and orange tropical fruits have co-evolved with the trichromatic colour vision of Old World monkeys. It is argued that the colour vision of man and of the Old World monkeys depends on two subsystems that remain parallel and independent at early stages of the visual pathway. The primordial subsystem, which is shared with most mammals, depends on a comparison of the rates of quantum catch in the short- and middle-wave cones; this system exists almost exclusively for colour vision, although the chromatic signals carry with them a local sign that allows them to sustain several of the functions of spatiochromatic vision. The second subsystem arose from the phylogenetically recent duplication of a gene on the X-chromosome, and depends on a comparison of the rates of quantum catch in the long- and middle-wave receptors. At the early stages of the visual pathway, this chromatic information is carried by a channel that is also sensitive to spatial contrast. The New World monkeys have taken a different route to trichromacy: in species that are basically dichromatic, heterozygous females gain trichromacy as a result of X-chromosome inactivation, which ensures that different photopigments are expressed in two subsets of retinal photoreceptor.

Download Full-text