What a stranded whale with scoliosis can teach us about human idiopathic scoliosis

AbstractScoliosis is a deformation of the spine that may have several known causes, but humans are the only mammal known to develop scoliosis without any obvious underlying cause. This is called ‘idiopathic’ scoliosis and is the most common type. Recent observations showed that human scoliosis, regardless of its cause, has a relatively uniform three-dimensional anatomy. We hypothesize that scoliosis is a universal compensatory mechanism of the spine, independent of cause and/or species. We had the opportunity to study the rare occurrence of scoliosis in a whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) that stranded in July 2019 in the Netherlands. A multidisciplinary team of biologists, pathologists, veterinarians, taxidermists, radiologists and orthopaedic surgeons conducted necropsy and imaging analysis. Blunt traumatic injury to two vertebrae caused an acute lateral deviation of the spine, which had initiated the development of compensatory curves in regions of the spine without anatomical abnormalities. Three-dimensional analysis of these compensatory curves showed strong resemblance with different types of human scoliosis, amongst which idiopathic. This suggests that any decompensation of spinal equilibrium can lead to a rather uniform response. The unique biomechanics of the upright human spine, with significantly decreased rotational stability, may explain why only in humans this mechanism can be induced relatively easily, without an obvious cause, and is therefore still called ‘idiopathic’.

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What a Stranded Whale With Scoliosis Can Teach us About Human Idiopathic Scoliosis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-129056/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Steven de Reuver ◽

Lonneke IJsseldijk ◽

Jelle Homans ◽

Dorien Willems ◽

Stefanie Veraa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Traumatic Injury ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Rotational Stability ◽

Compensatory Mechanism ◽

Imaging Analysis ◽

Balaenoptera Acutorostrata ◽

Lateral Deviation ◽

Different Types ◽

Strong Resemblance ◽

Universal Mechanism

Abstract Scoliosis is a deformation of the spine that may have several known causes, but humans are the only mammal known to develop scoliosis without any obvious underlying cause. This is called ‘idiopathic’ and is the most common type. Recent observations showed that human scoliosis, regardless of its cause, has a relatively uniform three-dimensional anatomy. We hypothesize that scoliosis is a universal compensatory mechanism of the spine, independent of cause and/or species. We had the opportunity to study the rare occurrence of scoliosis in a whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) that stranded in July 2019 in the Netherlands. A multidisciplinary team of biologists, pathologists, veterinarians, taxidermists, radiologists and orthopaedic surgeons conducted necropsy and imaging analysis. (Dorso-)lateral blunt traumatic injury to two vertebrae caused an acute lateral deviation of the spine, which had initiated the development of compensatory curves in regions of the spine without anatomical abnormalities. Three-dimensional analysis of these compensatory curves showed strong resemblance with different types of human scoliosis, amongst which idiopathic. This suggests that any decompensation of spinal equilibrium can lead to a uniform response, regardless of underlying cause or species. The unique biomechanics of the upright human spine, with significantly decreased rotational stability, explains why only in humans this universal mechanism of scoliosis can occur without an obvious cause, and is thus still called ‘idiopathic’.

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Ultrastructural Investigations of the Contractile Filaments of Amoebae

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100050950 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 188-189

Author(s):

P.L. Moore

Keyword(s):

Cytoplasmic Streaming ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Freeze Fracture ◽

Amoeboid Movement ◽

Different Types ◽

Chemical Conditions ◽

Complete Interpretation

Previous freeze fracture results on the intact giant, amoeba Chaos carolinensis indicated the presence of a fibrillar arrangement of filaments within the cytoplasm. A complete interpretation of the three dimensional ultrastructure of these structures, and their possible role in amoeboid movement was not possible, since comparable results could not be obtained with conventional fixation of intact amoebae. Progress in interpreting the freeze fracture images of amoebae required a more thorough understanding of the different types of filaments present in amoebae, and of the ways in which they could be organized while remaining functional.The recent development of a calcium sensitive, demembranated, amoeboid model of Chaos carolinensis has made it possible to achieve a better understanding of such functional arrangements of amoeboid filaments. In these models the motility of demembranated cytoplasm can be controlled in vitro, and the chemical conditions necessary for contractility, and cytoplasmic streaming can be investigated. It is clear from these studies that “fibrils” exist in amoeboid models, and that they are capable of contracting along their length under conditions similar to those which cause contraction in vertebrate muscles.

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A Study on Utilization of Three-Dimensional Sensor Lip Image for Developing a Pronunciation Recognition System

Journal of Imaging Science and Technology ◽

10.2352/j.imagingsci.technol.2019.63.5.050402 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 63 (5) ◽

pp. 50402-1-50402-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ing-Jr Ding ◽

Chong-Min Ruan

Keyword(s):

Principal Component Analysis ◽

Automatic Speech Recognition ◽

Feature Fusion ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Principal Component ◽

Recognition System ◽

Geometrical Characteristics ◽

3D Geometry ◽

Different Types ◽

The Disabled

Abstract The acoustic-based automatic speech recognition (ASR) technique has been a matured technique and widely seen to be used in numerous applications. However, acoustic-based ASR will not maintain a standard performance for the disabled group with an abnormal face, that is atypical eye or mouth geometrical characteristics. For governing this problem, this article develops a three-dimensional (3D) sensor lip image based pronunciation recognition system where the 3D sensor is efficiently used to acquire the action variations of the lip shapes of the pronunciation action from a speaker. In this work, two different types of 3D lip features for pronunciation recognition are presented, 3D-(x, y, z) coordinate lip feature and 3D geometry lip feature parameters. For the 3D-(x, y, z) coordinate lip feature design, 18 location points, each of which has 3D-sized coordinates, around the outer and inner lips are properly defined. In the design of 3D geometry lip features, eight types of features considering the geometrical space characteristics of the inner lip are developed. In addition, feature fusion to combine both 3D-(x, y, z) coordinate and 3D geometry lip features is further considered. The presented 3D sensor lip image based feature evaluated the performance and effectiveness using the principal component analysis based classification calculation approach. Experimental results on pronunciation recognition of two different datasets, Mandarin syllables and Mandarin phrases, demonstrate the competitive performance of the presented 3D sensor lip image based pronunciation recognition system.

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Simulating Self-Regeneration and Self-Replication Processes Using Movable Cellular Automata with a Mutual Equilibrium Neighborhood

Complex Systems ◽

10.25088/complexsystems.29.4.741 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 741-757

Author(s):

Kateryna Hazdiuk ◽

◽

Volodymyr Zhikharevich ◽

Serhiy Ostapov ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cellular Automata ◽

Cellular Automaton ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Computer Models ◽

The Self ◽

Model Construction ◽

Natural Phenomena ◽

Different Types ◽

Movable Cellular Automata ◽

Self Replication

This paper deals with the issue of model construction of the self-regeneration and self-replication processes using movable cellular automata (MCAs). The rules of cellular automaton (CA) interactions are found according to the concept of equilibrium neighborhood. The method is implemented by establishing these rules between different types of cellular automata (CAs). Several models for two- and three-dimensional cases are described, which depict both stable and unstable structures. As a result, computer models imitating such natural phenomena as self-replication and self-regeneration are obtained and graphically presented.

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Diagnostic Performance Analysis of a Three-Dimensional Depth Sensor Imaging in Identifying Idiopathic Scoliosis in Children and Adolescents: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3350554 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Terufumi Kokabu ◽

Noriaki Kawakami ◽

Koki Uno ◽

Toshiaki Kotani ◽

Teppei Suzuki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Performance Analysis ◽

Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Diagnostic Performance ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Depth Sensor ◽

Multicenter Cohort Study ◽

Multicenter Cohort

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Geological Field Sketches and Illustrations

10.1093/oso/9780198835929.001.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Matthew J. Genge

Keyword(s):

Cross Sections ◽

Earth Science ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Worked Examples ◽

Scientific Publications ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Geological Features ◽

Different Types ◽

The Subject

Drawings, illustrations, and field sketches play an important role in Earth Science since they are used to record field observations, develop interpretations, and communicate results in reports and scientific publications. Drawing geology in the field furthermore facilitates observation and maximizes the value of fieldwork. Every geologist, whether a student, academic, professional, or amateur enthusiast, will benefit from the ability to draw geological features accurately. This book describes how and what to draw in geology. Essential drawing techniques, together with practical advice in creating high quality diagrams, are described the opening chapters. How to draw different types of geology, including faults, folds, metamorphic rocks, sedimentary rocks, igneous rocks, and fossils, are the subjects of separate chapters, and include descriptions of what are the important features to draw and describe. Different types of sketch, such as drawings of three-dimensional outcrops, landscapes, thin-sections, and hand-specimens of rocks, crystals, and minerals, are discussed. The methods used to create technical diagrams such as geological maps and cross-sections are also covered. Finally, modern techniques in the acquisition and recording of field data, including photogrammetry and aerial surveys, and digital methods of illustration, are the subject of the final chapter of the book. Throughout, worked examples of field sketches and illustrations are provided as well as descriptions of the common mistakes to be avoided.

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Three-dimensional reconstruction image by biplanar stereoradiography reflects pulmonary functional states in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Journal of Clinical Neuroscience ◽

10.1016/j.jocn.2021.03.043 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 88 ◽

pp. 178-184

Author(s):

Masaaki Machino ◽

Noriaki Kawakami ◽

Tetsuya Ohara ◽

Toshiki Saito ◽

Ryoji Tauchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽

Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Three Dimensional Reconstruction ◽

Reconstruction Image ◽

Dimensional Reconstruction ◽

Functional States

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Specific sagittal alignment patterns are already present in mild adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

European Spine Journal ◽

10.1007/s00586-021-06772-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tom P. C. Schlösser ◽

René M. Castelein ◽

Pierre Grobost ◽

Suken A. Shah ◽

Kariman Abelin-Genevois

Keyword(s):

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽

Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽

Inflection Point ◽

Thoracic Kyphosis ◽

Sagittal Alignment ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Sagittal Profile ◽

Thoracolumbar Kyphosis ◽

C7 Slope ◽

Sagittal Malalignment

Abstract Purpose The complex three-dimensional spinal deformity in AIS consists of rotated, lordotic apical areas and neutral junctional zones that modify the spine’s sagittal profile. Recently, three specific patterns of thoracic sagittal ‘malalignment’ were described for severe AIS. The aim of this study is to define whether specific patterns of pathological sagittal alignment are already present in mild AIS. Methods Lateral spinal radiographs of 192 mild (10°–20°) and 253 severe (> 45°) AIS patients and 156 controls were derived from an international consortium. Kyphosis characteristics (T4–T12 thoracic kyphosis, T10–L2 angle, C7 slope, location of the apex of kyphosis and of the inflection point) and sagittal curve types according to Abelin-Genevois were systematically compared between the three cohorts. Results Even in mild thoracic AIS, already 49% of the curves presented sagittal malalignment, mostly thoracic hypokyphosis, whereas only 13% of the (thoraco) lumbar curves and 6% of the nonscoliosis adolescents were hypokyphotic. In severe AIS, 63% had a sagittal malalignment. Hypokyphosis + thoracolumbar kyphosis occurred more frequently in high-PI and primary lumbar curves, whereas cervicothoracic kyphosis occurred more in double thoracic curves. Conclusions Pathological sagittal patterns are often already present in curves 10°–20°, whereas those are rare in non-scoliotic adolescents. This suggests that sagittal ‘malalignment’ patterns are an integral part of the early pathogenesis of AIS.

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