scholarly journals Microbial metagenomic approach uncovers the first rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus genome in Sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anise N. Happi ◽  
Olusola A. Ogunsanya ◽  
Judith U. Oguzie ◽  
Paul E. Oluniyi ◽  
Alhaji S. Olono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Genome ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Vp60 Gene ◽  
Band Size ◽  
Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Domestic Rabbits ◽  
Haemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Pcr Targeting

AbstractRabbit Haemorrhagic Disease (RHD) causes high morbidity and mortality in rabbits and hares. Here, we report the first genomic characterization of lagovirus GI.2 virus in domestic rabbits from sub-Saharan Africa. We used an unbiased microbial metagenomic Next Generation Sequencing (mNGS) approach to diagnose the pathogen causing the suspected outbreak of RHD in Ibadan, Nigeria. The liver, spleen, and lung samples of five rabbits from an outbreak in 2 farms were analyzed. The mNGS revealed one full and two partial RHDV2 genomes on both farms. Phylogenetic analysis showed close clustering with RHDV2 lineages from Europe (98.6% similarity with RHDV2 in the Netherlands, and 99.1 to 100% identity with RHDV2 in Germany), suggesting potential importation. Subsequently, all the samples were confirmed by RHDV virus-specific RT-PCR targeting the VP60 gene with the expected band size of 398 bp for the five rabbits sampled. Our findings highlight the need for increased genomic surveillance of RHDV2 to track its origin, understand its diversity and to inform public health policy in Nigeria, and Sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals Microbial Metagenomic Approach Uncovers the First Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus genome in Sub-Saharan Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anise N. Happi ◽  
Olusola A. Ogunsanya ◽  
Judith U. Oguzie ◽  
Paul E. Oluniyi ◽  
Alhaji S. Olono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Haemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Metagenomic Approach ◽  
Ibadan Nigeria

ABSTRACTRabbit Haemorrhagic Disease (RHD) causes high morbidity and mortality in rabbits and hares. Here, we report the first genomic characterization of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV) from sub-Saharan Africa. While suspected, only a single PCR finding without sequence confirmation or characterization has been reported. Here, we used a microbial metagenomic approach to confirm and characterize pathogens causing the suspected outbreak of RHD in Ibadan, Nigeria. On the 25th September 2020, the liver, spleen, and lung samples of five rabbits from an outbreak in 2 farms in Ibadan, Nigeria, were analyzed for the vp60 gene of RHDV by RT-PCR. Subsequently, Next Generation Sequencing on 1st of October revealed one full and two partial RHDV2 genomes on both farms. Phylogenetic analysis showed close clustering with RHDV2 lineages from Europe, in particular, 98.6% similarity with RHDV2 in the Netherlands, and 99.1 to 100% identity with RHDV2 in Germany, suggesting potential importation from Europe. The detection of twelve unique mutations in RHDV2 sequences from the Ibadan outbreak compared to other RHDV2 sequences in the same clade suggests significant genetic diversity of the GI.2 strains in Nigeria. This highlights the need to further understand the genetic diversity of Lagoviruses to, inform vaccine development, and for accurate tracking, monitoring, and control of outbreaks in Africa.

scholarly journals Immunogenicity in Rabbits of Virus-Like Particles from a Contemporary Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus Type 2 (GI.2/RHDV2/b) Isolated in The Netherlands

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuhong Miao ◽  
Ruibing Qi ◽  
Luut Veldkamp ◽  
Jooske Ijzer ◽  
Marja L. Kik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Insect Cells ◽  
Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus ◽  
Virus Like Particles ◽  
Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Domestic Rabbits ◽  
Haemorrhagic Disease

Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) type 2 (GI.2/RHDV2/b) is an emerging pathogen in wild rabbits and in domestic rabbits vaccinated against RHDV (GI.1). Here we report the genome sequence of a contemporary RHDV2 isolate from the Netherlands and investigate the immunogenicity of virus-like particles (VLPs) produced in insect cells. RHDV2 RNA was isolated from the liver of a naturally infected wild rabbit and the complete viral genome sequence was assembled from sequenced RT-PCR products. Phylogenetic analysis based on the VP60 capsid gene demonstrated that the RHDV2 NL2016 isolate clustered with other contemporary RHDV2 strains. The VP60 gene was cloned in a baculovirus expression vector to produce VLPs in Sf9 insect cells. Density-gradient purified RHDV2 VLPs were visualized by transmission electron microscopy as spherical particles of around 30 nm in diameter with a morphology resembling authentic RHDV. Immunization of rabbits with RHDV2 VLPs resulted in high production of serum antibodies against VP60, and the production of cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-4) was significantly elevated in the immunized rabbits compared to the control group. The results demonstrate that the recombinant RHDV2 VLPs are highly immunogenic and may find applications in serological detection assays and might be further developed as a vaccine candidate to protect domestic rabbits against RHDV2 infection.

scholarly journals A rep-based hairpin inhibits replication of diverse maize streak virus isolates in a transient assay

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (10) ◽  
pp. 2458-2465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty E. Owor ◽  
Darren P. Martin ◽  
Edward P. Rybicki ◽  
Jennifer A. Thomson ◽  
Marion E. Bezuidenhout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Replication ◽  
Inverted Repeat ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽  
Streak Virus ◽  
Transient Expression Assay ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽  
Sub Saharan

Maize streak disease, caused by the A strain of the African endemic geminivirus, maize streak mastrevirus (MSV-A), threatens the food security and livelihoods of subsistence farmers throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Using a well-established transient expression assay, this study investigated the potential of a spliceable-intron hairpin RNA (hpRNA) approach to interfere with MSV replication. Two strategies were explored: (i) an inverted repeat of a 662 bp region of the MSV replication-associated protein gene (rep), which is essential for virus replication and is therefore a good target for post-transcriptional gene silencing; and (ii) an inverted repeat of the viral long intergenic region (LIR), considered for its potential to trigger transcriptional silencing of the viral promoter region. After co-bombardment of cultured maize cells with each construct and an infectious partial dimer of the cognate virus genome (MSV-Kom), followed by viral replicative-form-specific PCR, it was clear that, whilst the hairpin rep construct (pHPrepΔI662) completely inhibited MSV replication, the LIR hairpin construct was ineffective in this regard. In addition, pHPrepΔI662 inhibited or reduced replication of six MSV-A genotypes representing the entire breadth of known MSV-A diversity. Further investigation by real-time PCR revealed that the pHPrepΔI662 inverted repeat was 22-fold more effective at reducing virus replication than a construct containing the sense copy, whilst the antisense copy had no effect on replication when compared with the wild type. This is the first indication that an hpRNA strategy targeting MSV rep has the potential to protect transgenic maize against diverse MSV-A genotypes found throughout sub-Saharan Africa.

Rabbit haemorrhagic disease: are Australian rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) evolving resistance to infection with Czech CAPM 351 RHDV?

2012 ◽  
Vol 140 (11) ◽  
pp. 1972-1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. ELSWORTH ◽  
J. KOVALISKI ◽  
B. D. COOKE
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Original Strain ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Southeastern Australia ◽  
Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Poor Recruitment ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Domestic Rabbits ◽  
Haemorrhagic Disease ◽  
New Evidence

SUMMARYRabbit haemorrhagic disease is a major tool for the management of introduced, wild rabbits in Australia. However, new evidence suggests that rabbits may be developing resistance to the disease. Rabbits sourced from wild populations in central and southeastern Australia, and domestic rabbits for comparison, were experimentally challenged with a low 60 ID50oral dose of commercially available Czech CAPM 351 virus – the original strain released in Australia. Levels of resistance to infection were generally higher than for unselected domestic rabbits and also differed (0–73% infection rates) between wild populations. Resistance was lower in populations from cooler, wetter regions and also low in arid regions with the highest resistance seen within zones of moderate rainfall. These findings suggest the external influences of non-pathogenic calicivirus in cooler, wetter areas and poor recruitment in arid populations may influence the development rate of resistance in Australia.

scholarly journals Apoptosis of peripheral blood leucocytes in rabbits infected with different strains of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus.

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej ◽  
Beata Hukowska-Szematowicz ◽  
Beata Tokarz-Deptuła ◽  
Alicja Trzeciak-Ryczek ◽  
Joanna Działo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus ◽  
Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Domestic Rabbits ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Haemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Peripheral Blood Leucocytes ◽  
Stimulation Of

The pathogenicity of RHDV (rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus) is mainly associated with its affinity to blood vessels, with causing disseminated intravascular coagulations (DIC), and with the stimulation of the host immune system. Moreover, there are implications suggesting that apoptosis may be a pivotal process in understanding the basis of viral haemorrhagic disease in rabbits - a serious infectious disease causing mortality to wild and domestic rabbits. The aim of this study is to evaluate, by means of flow cytometry, the dynamics of apoptosis in peripheral blood granulocytes and lymphocytes in rabbits experimentally infected with seven different strains of RHDV and so-called antigenic variants of RHDV denominated as RHDVa, i.e.: Hungarian 24V/89, 1447V/96, 72V/2003; Austrian 01-04, 237/04, V-412 and French 05-01. The results showed that all of the RHDV and RHDVa strains cause an increase in the number of apoptotic cells throughout the infection, which might indicate the need for further analysis of the importance of this process.

scholarly journals Detection and characterisation of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus strains circulating in Egypt

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-418
Author(s):  
A. F Magouz ◽  
E. A. Elsayed ◽  
A. Y. Metwally
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Liver Homogenate ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Analysis ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus ◽  
Vp60 Gene ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Haemorrhagic Disease

Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) is a highly virulent viral disease of Oryctolagus cuniculus which threatens the rabbit population in Egypt and worldwide. The etiological agent is the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), a member of the family Caliciviridae. The aim of this study was to identify the possible evolutionary changes of the currently circulating RHDV in Egypt. Twenty suspected cases were collected from outbreaks that occurred in non-vaccinated rabbit flocks during 2015 and 2016. Liver homogenate samples were investigated for detection and identification of circulating RHDV using haemagglutination (HA) and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Further characterisation of selected five viral strains was performed by nucleotide sequencing of VP60 gene. All twenty tested samples were haemagglutinin positive and VP60 gene was amplified. Based on nucleotide sequence analysis, four isolates were identified as classical RHDV strains, while one isolate was assigned as RHDVa variant strain but with the same HA pattern. The new RHDVb variant was not identified.

scholarly journals Seasonality in hyperglycemic emergencies in a Health Facility in Sub-Saharan Africa: The roles of geographic location, infection, and knowledge of diabetes mellitus status

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Onyegbutulem Henry Chijioke ◽  
Ogochukwu Nwanne ◽  
David Samuel Olorunfemi ◽  
Sunny Chinenye
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Precipitating Factors ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Status ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Two Peaks

Hyperglycemic emergencies (HEs) are acute complications of diabetes mellitus and they carry high morbidity and mortality. Studies have reported a seasonal pattern in the frequency of occurrence of both types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus and even Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. No such association has been suggested for HEs. The study was conducted at the Asokoro District Hospital, Located in Abuja, Nigeria to examine a seasonal pattern in the frequency of hyperglycemic emergencies. The initial observation of an obvious fluctuation in the number of admitted cases of hyperglycemic emergencies motivated this prospective study which ran for a period of six years. It involved collecting the relevant information using a questionnaire from all HEs patients admitted to the medical ward from the first of January, 2008 to the 31st of December, 2013. Required investigations were done. The precipitating factors for HEs were looked for. The number of cases per month was noted for each year. The Statistical package used for analysis was STATA version 11. Round the year Abuja Climatic changes were monitored on the website of the Nigerian Meteorological station. Four hundred and fifty-one (451) patients with hyperglycemic emergency were enrolled for this study. Most of the patients, (55%), were in the middle-age bracket. Fifty-six per cent (56%), were not previously known to be living with diabetes mellitus. Infections, particularly of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracks, were the commonest precipitating factors. Variation in the frequency of HEs was observed, with two peaks: one in April and a smaller peak in December. There is seasonal variation in the frequency of presentation of Hyperglycemic emergencies. This may have been influenced by exogenous factors such as geographic location, infection, and the fact that most of the patients never knew they had diabetes mellitus.

scholarly journals Bioinformatics analysis of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus genome

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-ting Tian ◽  
Bao-yu Li ◽  
Liang Zhang ◽  
Wen-qiang Jiao ◽  
Ji-xing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Bioinformatics Analysis ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus ◽  
Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Haemorrhagic Disease
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