scholarly journals Terpene arms race in the Seiridium cardinale – Cupressus sempervirens pathosystem

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ander Achotegui-Castells ◽  
Gianni Della Rocca ◽  
Joan Llusià ◽  
Roberto Danti ◽  
Sara Barberini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arms Race ◽  
Cupressus Sempervirens ◽  
Seiridium Cardinale

scholarly journals `Italico' and `Mediterraneo': Two Seiridium cardinale Canker-Resistant Cypress Cultivars of Cupressus sempervirens

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1357-1359 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Danti ◽  
A. Panconesi ◽  
V. Di Lonardo ◽  
G. Della Rocca ◽  
P. Raddi
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Recent Result ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Breeding Programme ◽  
Cupressus Sempervirens ◽  
Mediterranean Regions ◽  
Seiridium Cardinale ◽  
Multiple Uses ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Integral Feature

Common cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) is an integral feature of the landscape of many Mediterranean regions (particularly in Tuscany). Furthermore, common cypress has multiple uses as ornament, timber, windbreaks, recovery of deteriorated soils, protection of slopes and the production of essential oils. During the last three decades, Seiridum cardinale canker of cypress has caused severe losses in woods, windbreaks and ornamental plantings in the Mediterranean area, significantly limiting the use and cultivation of this tree. In this paper we describe `Italico' and `Mediterraneo', two C. sempervirens varieties which were patented in 2004 for their resistance to cypress canker. Both varieties are particularly suitable for ornamental purposes because of their fastigiated columnar habit and the low production of male flowers and cones. `Italico' and `Mediterraneo' represent the recent result of the breeding programme on cypress, in progress since the 1970s. This program aims at: 1) obtaining a high number of canker-resistant cypress clones and multi-clonal varieties to be used for ornamental plantings and windbreaks and 2) finding mother trees for the production of improved seed for reforestation purposes.

scholarly journals The Epidemic Spread of Seiridium cardinale on Leyland Cypress Severely Limits Its Use in the Mediterranean

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
pp. 1081-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Danti ◽  
S. Barberini ◽  
A. Pecchioli ◽  
V. Di Lonardo ◽  
G. Della Rocca
Keyword(s):  
Central Italy ◽  
Cupressus Sempervirens ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Control Clone ◽  
Seiridium Cardinale ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Mediterranean

Leyland cypress (× Hesperotropsis leylandii) is a fast-growing conifer used in most temperate regions as an ornamental tree for hedges and screens, and is one of the most commercially important trees in Europe. In recent years, severe diebacks and mortality due to cypress canker have been observed on Leyland cypress plantations in Southern Europe. This study was conducted to evaluate (i) the spread and impact of cypress canker caused by Seiridium cardinale in plantations of a sample area of 1,250 km2 in central Italy, (ii) the response of the most commonly grown Leyland cypress varieties to artificial inoculation with to S. cardinal, and (iii) the pathogenicity of S. cardinale isolates obtained from Leyland cypress. Of the 1,411 surveyed trees, 11.4% had been killed by cypress canker and 43.9% of the living trees were affected by the disease. The number of diseased or dead trees and the percentage of cankered trunks was significantly correlated with the mean trunk diameter of the plantations. Six months after inoculation, the size of developed cankers was significantly different among the inoculated Leyland cypress cultivars but all of them showed markedly larger cankers than the C. sempervirens canker-resistant control clone. All of the tested S. cardinale isolates obtained from Leyland cypress also caused cankers on Cupressus sempervirens when inoculated as conidial suspensions or mycelia. Leyland cypress is highly prone to contract cypress canker in the Mediterranean due to its high susceptibility to S. cardinale infections, low genetic variability among the grown cultivars, and cracks which form on fast-growing trunks, favoring entry of the fungus into the inner bark and the occurrence of infections.

scholarly journals Γενετική χαρτογράφηση στο κυπαρίσσι (Cupressus sempervirens L.)

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ευαγγελία Αβραμίδου
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Cupressus Sempervirens ◽  
Seiridium Cardinale

Το κυπαρίσσι (Cupressus sempervirens L.) αποτελεί σημαντικό είδος της Μεσογειακής χλωρίδας και αποτελεί ένα από τα κύρια είδη των ευαίσθητων μεσογειακών οικοσυστημάτων που παρουσιάζει ευρεία αντοχή σε αντίξοες περιβαλλοντικές συνθήκες. Απαντάται σε δύο κύριες μορφές λόγω της ιδιαιτερότητας της μορφής της κόμης που παρουσιάζει: την οριζοντιόκλαδη (Cupressus sempervirens var. horizontalis) και την ορθόκλαδη μορφή (Cupressus sempervirens var. pyramidalis). Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή εστιάστηκε στη λεπτομερή χαρτογράφηση του γονιδιώματος του κυπαρισσιού. Με τη χρήση 24 f-AFLP και οκτώ f-SSR εκκινητών προέκυψαν 1332 γονιδιακές θέσεις εκ των οποίων οι 1260 ήταν πολυμορφικές. Δημιουργήθηκαν τέσσερεις γενετικοί χάρτες με χρήση χαρτογραφικής οικογένειας που προήλθε από ελεγχόμενη διασταύρωση ενός οριζοντιόκλαδου θηλυκού και ενός ορθόκλαδου αρσενικού γονέα και αποτελούνταν από 382 απογόνους. Ο χάρτης πλαισίου της οριζοντιόκλαδης ποικιλίας (μητρικός) περιελάμβανε έξι ομάδες σύνδεσης συνολικού μήκους 818.58 cM και ο αντίστοιχος της ορθόκλαδης ποικιλίας (πατρικός) πέντε ομάδες σύνδεσης συνολικού μήκους γονιδιώματος 560.33 cM. Ο ενιαίος χάρτης πλαισίου που δημιουργήθηκε χρησιμοποιώντας τις γονιδιακές θέσεις f-AFLP με αναλογία διαχωρισμού 1:1 και τις f-SSR γονιδιακές θέσεις, αποτελείται από 11 ομάδες σύνδεσης συνολικού μήκους 1278.74 cM. Προσθέτοντας τις f-AFLP γονιδιακές θέσεις με αναλογία διαχωρισμού 3:1 το συνολικό μήκος του ολοκληρωμένου χάρτη ήταν 2.374,41 cM. Επιπρόσθετα με τη μέθοδο χαρτογράφησης διαστημάτων βρέθηκε ένα QTL που είναι συνδεδεμένο με μια f-AFLP γονιδιακή θέση στο 11ο χρωμόσωμα και σχετίζεται στατιστικά σημαντικά (LOD=3.30) με τη μορφή της κόμης. Ο δείκτης αυτός ενδέχεται να αποτελέσει μοριακό δείκτη πρώιμης επιλογής για τη μορφή της κόμης, μπορεί δηλαδή να εφαρμοστεί η υποβοηθούμενη από γονίδια σημάνσεως επιλογή (MAS) και η διερεύνηση ύπαρξης αντίστοιχων QTL σε άλλα είδη. Επιπλέον ανιχνεύθηκαν δύο QTLs με ασθενέστερη σύνδεση σε δείκτες f-AFLP στο 3ο και 11ο χρωμόσωμα για τα ποσοτικό γνώρισμα του ύψους (LOD= 1.65 και LOD=1.63, 0.001<p<0.004). Το έλκος του κυπαρισσιού προκαλείται από το μύκητα Seiridium cardinale και είναι μια από τις πιο καταστρεπτικές ασθένειες για την οικογένεια των Cupressaceae. Η αντοχή της χαρτογραφικής οικογένειας στο μύκητα εξετάστηκε χρησιμοποιώντας την τεχνική του εμβολιασμού με τον μύκητα. Μετά την πάροδο έξι μηνών καταγράφηκαν τα ποσοστά ανθεκτικών, μερικώς ανθεκτικών και ευαίσθητων στο μύκητα ατόμων που ήταν 22.64%, 70.94% και 6.42% αντίστοιχα. Στην περαιτέρω διερεύνηση, μέσω γενετικής χαρτογράφησης QTL βρέθηκαν δύο QTL ασθενώς συνδεδεμένα με δύο δείκτες f-AFLP, με τιμές LOD=1.78 (0.01<p<0.04) και LOD=1.48 (0.01<p<0.04) στo 10ο και στο 3ο χρωμόσωμα αντίστοιχα. Σημαντικό ήταν επίσης το γεγονός ότι βρέθηκε ένας γενότυπος που παρουσίασε 100% ανθεκτικότητα στο μύκητα Seiridium cardinale. Πραγματοποιήθηκε επίσης βελτιστοποίηση in-vitro πρωτοκόλλου (συνδυασμό MS και SH πρωτοκόλλων), η οποία προσφέρει τη δυνατότητα αγενούς αναπαραγωγής του ανθεκτικού κλώνου με δυνατότητα μαζικής φύτευσης του σε περιοχές της Ελλάδας με σοβαρά προβλήματα προσβολής. Τέλος μελετήθηκε η επιγενετική κληρονομησιμότητα στη χαρτογραφική οικογένεια του κυπαρισσιού χρησιμοποιώντας f-MSAP μοριακούς δείκτες. Χρησιμοποιώντας τέσσερις συνδυασμούς f-MSAP προέκυψαν 266 πολυμορφικές γονιδιακές θέσεις. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι η μέση τιμή της συνολικής μεθυλίωσης του DNA στους απογόνους (28.2%) ήταν υψηλότερη από τη μέση τιμή των γονικών τύπων. Επίσης βρέθηκε υψηλότερη μητρική κληρονομησιμότητα της μεθυλίωσης του DNA (5.65%) έναντι της πατρικής (3.01%). Η πιστή Μενδελική κληρονομησιμότητα μεθυλιωμένων θέσεων παρουσιάστηκε σε ένα μικρό ποσοστό (4.29%). Βρέθηκε ένα μεγάλο ποσοστό de novo μεθυλίωσης (19.65%) στους απογόνους σε σχέση με τους γονικούς τύπους.

scholarly journals The most frequent parasitic and saprophytic fungi on some species in the fam. Cupressaceae

2003 ◽  
pp. 161-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Milijasevic
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Juniperus Virginiana ◽  
Cupressus Sempervirens ◽  
Serbia And Montenegro ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Seiridium Cardinale ◽  
Artificial Inoculations ◽  
Pinus Spp

The parasitic and saprophytic mycoflora was inventoried on three species in the fam. Cupressaaceae (Cupressus sempervirens, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana and Juniperus virginiana) in Serbia and Montenegro. The greatest number of fungi was recorded on eastern red cedar, but they were mainly the parasites of weakness or saprophytes. The greatest damage on cypress is caused by the pathogenic fungus Seiridium cardinale - agent of bark necrosis and canker. Sphaeropsis sapinea, the pathogen of many coniferous species, was identified on all three hosts on which it does not cause great harm. The study of the morphological characteristics of the fungus on these host plants and the comparative analysis with the morphological characteristics of the same fungus on Pinus spp. shows a difference between them. The study of S. sapinea pathogenicity by artificial inoculations of Austrian pine seedlings in the controlled conditions shows that the isolate of the fungus from cypress can cause infection of uninjured P. nigra shoots.

Cupressus sempervirens (Mediterranean cypress).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julissa Rojas-Sandova
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Cupressus Sempervirens ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Multipurpose Tree ◽  
Protection Forest ◽  
Multipurpose Tree Species ◽  
Seiridium Cardinale ◽  
The 1950S

Abstract C. sempervirens is a multipurpose tree species, which may reach up to 30 m in height with a d.b.h. of 50-60 cm. This species produces high-quality and very durable wood at low yields and is utilized more frequently as windbreaks, soil conservation, protection forest, and as an ornamental in many European landscapes. This species is suitable for plantation programmes in unfavourable conditions in many countries, including for afforestation on dry, shallow, clay soils. Since the beginning of the 1950s, Seiridium cardinale (cypress canker) has decimated common cypress plantations in Italy, Greece and France.

Ultrastructural modifications in Cupressus sempervirens tissues invaded by Seiridium cardinale

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 193-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mutto ◽  
A. Panconesi
Keyword(s):  
Cupressus Sempervirens ◽  
Seiridium Cardinale ◽  
Ultrastructural Modifications

scholarly journals Different polyphenolic parenchyma cell and phloem axial resin duct-like structures formation rates in Cupressus sempervirens clones infected with Seiridium cardinale

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianni Della Rocca ◽  
Isabella Posarelli ◽  
Federica Morandi ◽  
Corrado Tani ◽  
Sara Barberini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Resistant Clone ◽  
Cupressus Sempervirens ◽  
Resin Duct ◽  
Seiridium Cardinale ◽  
Susceptible Clone

The aim of this study was the characterization of constitutive and induced defence mechanisms in the bark tissues of Cupressus sempervirens before and after infection with the bark fungus Seiridium cardinale that is responsible for Cypress Canker Disease. The time-course development of polyphenolic parenchyma cells (PP cells) and phloem axial resin ducts PARDs(PARD) like structures) in the phloem was investigated in two C. sempervirens clones, one resistant and one susceptible to the disease, through anatomycal and hystologycal observations carried out by light microscope during a 19 days trial. PP cells were constitutively more abundant in the canker resistant clone compared to the susceptible clone, while PARDsPARD-like structures were not present in the bark of untreated plants of both clones. PP cells increased in both clones as a response to infection, but in the resistant clone they were more abundant 5 and 12 days after inoculation. Following inoculation, PARDsPARD-like structures appeared in the phloem after 5 days in the resistant clone and only after 12 days in the susceptible clone. Even the number of secretory cells (surrounding the PARDsPARD-like structures) was higher in the R clone 5 and 12 days after inoculation compared to the S clone. These observations demonstrate a faster phloem response of the resistant clone in the early phase of the infection. This may slow down initial growth of the fungus contributing to the resistance mechanism.

Effect of Seiridium cardinale on growth of cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) clones

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Panconesi ◽  
Niccolô Casini ◽  
Alberto Santini ◽  
Federico M. Stefanini
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Cupressus Sempervirens ◽  
Seiridium Cardinale

To determine whether cypress bark canker, caused by the fungus Seiridiumcardinale (Wag.) Sutton & Gibson, affects height and diameter growth of common cypress (Cupressussempervirens L.), these parameters were measured over 4 years on inoculated and uninoculated ramets of 50 cypress clones at two locations in Italy. An analysis of covariance, using the pre-trial diameter and height of the ramets as the covariates, showed that the disease had no effect on either height or diameter growth.

In vitro expression of resistance responses to Seiridium species in micropropagated shoots of Cupressus sempervirens and Chamaecyparis lawsoniana

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (7) ◽  
pp. 1103-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Spanos ◽  
A. Pirrie ◽  
S. Woodward
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Cupressus Sempervirens ◽  
Fungal Hyphae ◽  
In Vitro Inoculation ◽  
Host Tree Species ◽  
Stomatal Guard Cells ◽  
Seiridium Cardinale ◽  
Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana

Wounded and nonwounded micropropagated shoots of Cupressus sempervirens and Chamaecyparis lawsoniana were inoculated in vitro with the canker-causing pathogens Seiridium cardinale (Wag.) Sutton & Gibson, Seiridium cupressi (Guba) Boeswinkel and Seiridium unicorne (Cke & Ell.) Sutton. Seiridium cardinale was significantly more pathogenic on Cupressus sempervirens than on Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Murr.) Parlatore, irrespective of the presence of wounds on the shoots. On wounded shoots, both S. cupressi and S. unicorne caused significantly larger lesions on Chamaecyparis lawsoniana than on Cupressus sempervirens by 20 days after inoculation. Superficial wounding of shoots prior to inoculation caused a significant increase in the lengths of lesions and numbers of shoots girdled by the pathogens on both hosts. These results broadly correlate with known virulence of the three pathogens on these two host tree species in field and glasshouse tests. Using histological methods, penetration of fungal hyphae through stomatal pores of both shoots and leaves into the substomatal cavity and the mesophyll space was observed. Penetration directly through the cuticle was also seen. Defence-related responses, including accumulation of oxidized polyphenols compounds and deposition of lignin and suberin in cell walls, were detected in inoculated tissues. These responses occurred predominantly in the epidermis, including stomatal guard cells, and the hypodermis and were particularly marked in Chamaecyparis lawsoniana inoculated with S. cardinale. The possible utility of these methods in the study and detection of host genotypes resistant to Seiridium spp. is discussed. Key words: Seiridium, Cupressus, Chamaecyparis, micropropagation, in vitro inoculation, defence.

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