In vitro expression of resistance responses to Seiridium species in micropropagated shoots of Cupressus sempervirens and Chamaecyparis lawsoniana

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (7) ◽  
pp. 1103-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Spanos ◽  
A. Pirrie ◽  
S. Woodward
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Cupressus Sempervirens ◽  
Fungal Hyphae ◽  
In Vitro Inoculation ◽  
Host Tree Species ◽  
Stomatal Guard Cells ◽  
Seiridium Cardinale ◽  
Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana

Wounded and nonwounded micropropagated shoots of Cupressus sempervirens and Chamaecyparis lawsoniana were inoculated in vitro with the canker-causing pathogens Seiridium cardinale (Wag.) Sutton & Gibson, Seiridium cupressi (Guba) Boeswinkel and Seiridium unicorne (Cke & Ell.) Sutton. Seiridium cardinale was significantly more pathogenic on Cupressus sempervirens than on Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Murr.) Parlatore, irrespective of the presence of wounds on the shoots. On wounded shoots, both S. cupressi and S. unicorne caused significantly larger lesions on Chamaecyparis lawsoniana than on Cupressus sempervirens by 20 days after inoculation. Superficial wounding of shoots prior to inoculation caused a significant increase in the lengths of lesions and numbers of shoots girdled by the pathogens on both hosts. These results broadly correlate with known virulence of the three pathogens on these two host tree species in field and glasshouse tests. Using histological methods, penetration of fungal hyphae through stomatal pores of both shoots and leaves into the substomatal cavity and the mesophyll space was observed. Penetration directly through the cuticle was also seen. Defence-related responses, including accumulation of oxidized polyphenols compounds and deposition of lignin and suberin in cell walls, were detected in inoculated tissues. These responses occurred predominantly in the epidermis, including stomatal guard cells, and the hypodermis and were particularly marked in Chamaecyparis lawsoniana inoculated with S. cardinale. The possible utility of these methods in the study and detection of host genotypes resistant to Seiridium spp. is discussed. Key words: Seiridium, Cupressus, Chamaecyparis, micropropagation, in vitro inoculation, defence.

scholarly journals Submicroscopical Features of Leaves of Xyris Species

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria das Graças Sajo ◽  
Silvia Rodrigues Machado
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Leaf Ultrastructure ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Stomatal Guard Cells ◽  
Adaptative Significance ◽  
Scanning Electron

The leaf ultrastructure of five Xyris species were examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and histochemical methods. All studied leaves show some features in epidermis and mesophyll, which were of considerable adaptative significance to drought stress. Such features included the occurrence of a pectic layer on the stomatal guard cells and the presence of a network of pectic compounds in the cuticle. Pectic compunds were also in abundance in lamellated walls of the mesophyll cells and on the inner surface of the sclerified cell walls of the vascular bundle sheaths. There were also specialized chlorenchymatous "peg cells" in the mesophyll and drops of phenolic compounds inside the epidermal cells.

scholarly journals Γενετική χαρτογράφηση στο κυπαρίσσι (Cupressus sempervirens L.)

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ευαγγελία Αβραμίδου
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Cupressus Sempervirens ◽  
Seiridium Cardinale

Το κυπαρίσσι (Cupressus sempervirens L.) αποτελεί σημαντικό είδος της Μεσογειακής χλωρίδας και αποτελεί ένα από τα κύρια είδη των ευαίσθητων μεσογειακών οικοσυστημάτων που παρουσιάζει ευρεία αντοχή σε αντίξοες περιβαλλοντικές συνθήκες. Απαντάται σε δύο κύριες μορφές λόγω της ιδιαιτερότητας της μορφής της κόμης που παρουσιάζει: την οριζοντιόκλαδη (Cupressus sempervirens var. horizontalis) και την ορθόκλαδη μορφή (Cupressus sempervirens var. pyramidalis). Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή εστιάστηκε στη λεπτομερή χαρτογράφηση του γονιδιώματος του κυπαρισσιού. Με τη χρήση 24 f-AFLP και οκτώ f-SSR εκκινητών προέκυψαν 1332 γονιδιακές θέσεις εκ των οποίων οι 1260 ήταν πολυμορφικές. Δημιουργήθηκαν τέσσερεις γενετικοί χάρτες με χρήση χαρτογραφικής οικογένειας που προήλθε από ελεγχόμενη διασταύρωση ενός οριζοντιόκλαδου θηλυκού και ενός ορθόκλαδου αρσενικού γονέα και αποτελούνταν από 382 απογόνους. Ο χάρτης πλαισίου της οριζοντιόκλαδης ποικιλίας (μητρικός) περιελάμβανε έξι ομάδες σύνδεσης συνολικού μήκους 818.58 cM και ο αντίστοιχος της ορθόκλαδης ποικιλίας (πατρικός) πέντε ομάδες σύνδεσης συνολικού μήκους γονιδιώματος 560.33 cM. Ο ενιαίος χάρτης πλαισίου που δημιουργήθηκε χρησιμοποιώντας τις γονιδιακές θέσεις f-AFLP με αναλογία διαχωρισμού 1:1 και τις f-SSR γονιδιακές θέσεις, αποτελείται από 11 ομάδες σύνδεσης συνολικού μήκους 1278.74 cM. Προσθέτοντας τις f-AFLP γονιδιακές θέσεις με αναλογία διαχωρισμού 3:1 το συνολικό μήκος του ολοκληρωμένου χάρτη ήταν 2.374,41 cM. Επιπρόσθετα με τη μέθοδο χαρτογράφησης διαστημάτων βρέθηκε ένα QTL που είναι συνδεδεμένο με μια f-AFLP γονιδιακή θέση στο 11ο χρωμόσωμα και σχετίζεται στατιστικά σημαντικά (LOD=3.30) με τη μορφή της κόμης. Ο δείκτης αυτός ενδέχεται να αποτελέσει μοριακό δείκτη πρώιμης επιλογής για τη μορφή της κόμης, μπορεί δηλαδή να εφαρμοστεί η υποβοηθούμενη από γονίδια σημάνσεως επιλογή (MAS) και η διερεύνηση ύπαρξης αντίστοιχων QTL σε άλλα είδη. Επιπλέον ανιχνεύθηκαν δύο QTLs με ασθενέστερη σύνδεση σε δείκτες f-AFLP στο 3ο και 11ο χρωμόσωμα για τα ποσοτικό γνώρισμα του ύψους (LOD= 1.65 και LOD=1.63, 0.001<p<0.004). Το έλκος του κυπαρισσιού προκαλείται από το μύκητα Seiridium cardinale και είναι μια από τις πιο καταστρεπτικές ασθένειες για την οικογένεια των Cupressaceae. Η αντοχή της χαρτογραφικής οικογένειας στο μύκητα εξετάστηκε χρησιμοποιώντας την τεχνική του εμβολιασμού με τον μύκητα. Μετά την πάροδο έξι μηνών καταγράφηκαν τα ποσοστά ανθεκτικών, μερικώς ανθεκτικών και ευαίσθητων στο μύκητα ατόμων που ήταν 22.64%, 70.94% και 6.42% αντίστοιχα. Στην περαιτέρω διερεύνηση, μέσω γενετικής χαρτογράφησης QTL βρέθηκαν δύο QTL ασθενώς συνδεδεμένα με δύο δείκτες f-AFLP, με τιμές LOD=1.78 (0.01<p<0.04) και LOD=1.48 (0.01<p<0.04) στo 10ο και στο 3ο χρωμόσωμα αντίστοιχα. Σημαντικό ήταν επίσης το γεγονός ότι βρέθηκε ένας γενότυπος που παρουσίασε 100% ανθεκτικότητα στο μύκητα Seiridium cardinale. Πραγματοποιήθηκε επίσης βελτιστοποίηση in-vitro πρωτοκόλλου (συνδυασμό MS και SH πρωτοκόλλων), η οποία προσφέρει τη δυνατότητα αγενούς αναπαραγωγής του ανθεκτικού κλώνου με δυνατότητα μαζικής φύτευσης του σε περιοχές της Ελλάδας με σοβαρά προβλήματα προσβολής. Τέλος μελετήθηκε η επιγενετική κληρονομησιμότητα στη χαρτογραφική οικογένεια του κυπαρισσιού χρησιμοποιώντας f-MSAP μοριακούς δείκτες. Χρησιμοποιώντας τέσσερις συνδυασμούς f-MSAP προέκυψαν 266 πολυμορφικές γονιδιακές θέσεις. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι η μέση τιμή της συνολικής μεθυλίωσης του DNA στους απογόνους (28.2%) ήταν υψηλότερη από τη μέση τιμή των γονικών τύπων. Επίσης βρέθηκε υψηλότερη μητρική κληρονομησιμότητα της μεθυλίωσης του DNA (5.65%) έναντι της πατρικής (3.01%). Η πιστή Μενδελική κληρονομησιμότητα μεθυλιωμένων θέσεων παρουσιάστηκε σε ένα μικρό ποσοστό (4.29%). Βρέθηκε ένα μεγάλο ποσοστό de novo μεθυλίωσης (19.65%) στους απογόνους σε σχέση με τους γονικούς τύπους.

Nature of the guard cell wall in leaf stomata of three Ophioglossum species

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (16) ◽  
pp. 1698-1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Peterson ◽  
M. S. Firminger ◽  
L. A. Dobrindt
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Guard Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Aniline Blue ◽  
Phenolic Substance ◽  
Polarization Microscopy ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Stomatal Guard Cells ◽  
Staining Techniques

A β-1,3-glucan which has characteristics of callose was identified as a component of the cell wall in stomatal guard cells in three species of the fern, Ophioglossum. This identification was made by the fluorochrome properties of callose when stained with aqueous solutions of aniline blue. Controls involved both the effect of solutions of different pH on autofluorescence of guard cell walls and the extraction of leaf tissues with β-1,3-glucanases before staining with aniline blue. An electron-translucent region between the plasmalemma and the cell wall proper was observed with the electron microscope and corresponded in position with the areas that fluoresced after aniline blue staining.Other components of the guard cell wall identified included cellulose, which was identified by staining techniques, polarization microscopy, and electron microscopy; and a phenolic substance identified by a number of staining reactions. The cell wall failed to stain with a number of reagents for the identification of lignin.

In Vitro Induction and Identification of Tetraploid in Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum and Nakai]

2014 ◽  
Vol 675-677 ◽  
pp. 1079-1086
Author(s):  
Na Zhang ◽  
Jian Ren ◽  
Wei Shun Cheng ◽  
Hong Xia Zeng ◽  
Xian Feng Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Adventitious Shoot ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Shoot Induction ◽  
Flow Cytometry Analysis ◽  
Induction Rate ◽  
Multiplication Coefficient ◽  
Stomatal Guard Cells

This research induced tetraploid watermelon through tissue culture. The cotyledons of a diploid mini-watermelon (A7) were treated with different concentrations of colchicine on medium for different time. The autotetraploid plants were identified basing on morphology, determination of the number of chloroplasts in stomatal guard cells and flow cytometry analysis. A stable autotetraploid material was observed. The results showed that tetraploid watermelons could be obtained under different treatments, and the highest tetraploid induction rate was up to 25 %. The most effective way was cutting the proximal cotyledons at the 7th day after sowing, then explants were cultivated on MS medium with 0.1 %(w/v) colchicine for 72 h, the adventitious shoot induction rate was 62.5 %, and multiplication coefficient was 3.6.

Methods of experimental polyploidization and their use in apple breeding

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
L. V. Tashmatova ◽  
O. V. Matsneva ◽  
T. M. Khromova ◽  
V. V. Shakhov
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Open Ground ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Diploid Gametes

The article presents methods of experimental polyploidy of fruit, berry and ornamental plants. The purpose of this review is to highlight the problems and prospects of polyploidization of plants in the open ground and in vitro culture and the possibility of their application for apple trees. For the purpose of obtaining apple tetraploids as donors of diploid gametes, seed seedlings were treated with a solution of colchicine in concentrations of 0.1-0.4 % for 24 and 48 hours. Colchicine concentrations of 0.3 % and 0.4 % at 48 hours of treatment had a detrimental eff ect on their development. As a result, tetraploids and chimeras were obtained from seeds from free pollination of the varieties Orlik, Svezhest, Kandil Orlovsky, as well as from seeds obtained from crossing the varieties Svezhest×Bolotovskoe, Moskovskoe Оzherel’e×Imrus, Girlyanda×Venyaminovskoe. The optimal concentration of colchicine was 0.1 %. Methods of colchicine treatment have been studied: 1) adding to the nutrient medium, colchicine concentration: 0.01%, 0.02%, exposure time 24h-19 days; 2) applying amitotic solution to the growth point, colchicine concentration: 0.1 %, 0.2 %, exposure time 24h-7 days. To increase the penetration of colchicine through the cell walls, a 0.1 % dimexide solution was used. Studies have shown that high concentrations and prolonged exposure to colchicine reduce the viability of explants.

Antifungal Proteins from Plant Latex

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 497-506
Author(s):  
Mayck Silva Barbosa ◽  
Bruna da Silva Souza ◽  
Ana Clara Silva Sales ◽  
Jhoana D’arc Lopes de Sousa ◽  
Francisca Dayane Soares da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Protein Classification ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Antifungal Proteins ◽  
Plant Latex

Latex, a milky fluid found in several plants, is widely used for many purposes, and its proteins have been investigated by researchers. Many studies have shown that latex produced by some plant species is a natural source of biologically active compounds, and many of the hydrolytic enzymes are related to health benefits. Research on the characterization and industrial and pharmaceutical utility of latex has progressed in recent years. Latex proteins are associated with plants’ defense mechanisms, against attacks by fungi. In this respect, there are several biotechnological applications of antifungal proteins. Some findings reveal that antifungal proteins inhibit fungi by interrupting the synthesis of fungal cell walls or rupturing the membrane. Moreover, both phytopathogenic and clinical fungal strains are susceptible to latex proteins. The present review describes some important features of proteins isolated from plant latex which presented in vitro antifungal activities: protein classification, function, molecular weight, isoelectric point, as well as the fungal species that are inhibited by them. We also discuss their mechanisms of action.

Wheat cell walls and constituent polysaccharides induce similar microbiota profiles upon in vitro fermentation despite different short chain fatty acid end-product levels.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiyi Lu ◽  
Deirdre Mikkelsen ◽  
Hong Yao ◽  
Barbara Williams ◽  
Bernadine Flanagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation

Plant cell walls as well as their component polysaccharides in foods can be utilized to alter and maintain a beneficial human gut microbiota, but it is not known whether the...

scholarly journals Co-operative action by endo- and exo-β-(1→3)-glucanases from parasitic fungi in the degradation of cell-wall glucans of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary

1974 ◽  
Vol 140 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Jones ◽  
Alex. H. Gordon ◽  
John S. D. Bacon
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Culture Filtrate ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Coniothyrium Minitans ◽  
Parasitic Fungi ◽  
Complete Breakdown

1. Two fungi, Coniothyrium minitans Campbell and Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fr., were grown on autoclaved crushed sclerotia of the species Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which they parasitize. 2. in vitro the crude culture filtrates would lyse walls isolated from hyphal cells or the inner pseudoparenchymatous cells of the sclerotia, in which a branched β-(1→3)-β-(1→6)-glucan, sclerotan, is a major constituent. 3. Chromatographic fractionation of the enzymes in each culture filtrate revealed the presence of several laminarinases, the most active being an exo-β-(1→3)-glucanase, known from previous studies to attack sclerotan. Acting alone this brought about a limited degradation of the glucan, but the addition of fractions containing an endo-β-(1→3)-glucanase led to almost complete breakdown. A similar synergism between the two enzymes was found in their lytic action on cell walls. 4. When acting alone the endo-β-(1→3)-glucanase had a restricted action, the products including a trisaccharide, tentatively identified as 62-β-glucosyl-laminaribiose. 5. These results are discussed in relation to the structure of the cell walls and of their glucan constituents.

scholarly journals The Yeast Signal Sequence Trap Identifies Secreted Proteins of the Hemibiotrophic Corn Pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 1325-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorrit-Jan Krijger ◽  
Ralf Horbach ◽  
Michael Behr ◽  
Patrick Schweizer ◽  
Holger B. Deising ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Signal Sequence ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Graminicola ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The hemibiotroph Colletotrichum graminicola is the causal agent of stem rot and leaf anthracnose on Zea mays. Following penetration of epidermal cells, the fungus enters a short biotrophic phase, followed by a destructive necrotrophic phase of pathogenesis. During both phases, secreted fungal proteins are supposed to determine progress and success of the infection. To identify genes encoding such proteins, we constructed a yeast signal sequence trap (YSST) cDNA-library from RNA extracted from mycelium grown in vitro on corn cell walls and leaf extract. Of the 103 identified unigenes, 50 showed significant similarities to genes with a reported function, 25 sequences were similar to genes without a known function, and 28 sequences showed no similarity to entries in the databases. Macroarray hybridization and quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction confirmed that most genes identified by the YSST screen are expressed in planta. Other than some genes that were constantly expressed, a larger set showed peaks of transcript abundances at specific phases of pathogenesis. Another set exhibited biphasic expression with peaks at the biotrophic and necrotrophic phase. Transcript analyses of in vitro-grown cultures revealed that several of the genes identified by the YSST screen were induced by the addition of corn leaf components, indicating that host-derived factors may have mimicked the host milieu.

Effects of an exogenous fibrolytic enzyme preparation on in vitro ruminal fermentation of three forages and their isolated cell walls

2008 ◽  
Vol 145 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 109-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Ranilla ◽  
M.L. Tejido ◽  
L.A. Giraldo ◽  
J.M. Tricárico ◽  
M.D. Carro
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Enzyme Preparation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Isolated Cell
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