The removal of the 32-carbon atom as formic acid in cholesterol biosynthesis

1972 ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Alexander ◽  
M. Akhtar ◽  
R. B. Boar ◽  
J. F. McGhie ◽  
D. H. R. Barton
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Atom ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Cholesterol Biosynthesis

scholarly journals Theoretical kinetic study of the formic acid catalyzed Criegee intermediate isomerization: multistructural anharmonicity and atmospheric implications

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (16) ◽  
pp. 10806-10814 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Monge-Palacios ◽  
Matti P. Rissanen ◽  
Zhandong Wang ◽  
S. Mani Sarathy
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Atom ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Kinetic Study ◽  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Isomerization Reaction ◽  
Hydrogen Shift ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Double Hydrogen

We performed a theoretical study on the double hydrogen shift isomerization reaction of a six carbon atom Criegee intermediate (C6-CI), catalyzed by formic acid (HCOOH), to produce vinylhydroperoxide (VHP), C6-CI + HCOOH → VHP + HCOOH.

scholarly journals Chemical and enzymic studies on the characterization of intermediates during the removal of the 14α-methyl group in cholesterol biosynthesis. The use of 32-functionalized lanostane derivatives

1978 ◽  
Vol 169 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Akhtar ◽  
K Alexander ◽  
R B Boar ◽  
J F McGhie ◽  
D H R Barton
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Cholesterol Biosynthesis ◽  
Aldehyde Group ◽  
Type I ◽  
Compound I ◽  
Major Pathway ◽  
Methyl Group ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
C 32 ◽  
Compound Ii

By using cell-free preparations of rat liver it was shown that the removal of the 14alpha-methyl group (C-32) of steroids containing either a delta7(8) or a delta8(9) double bond is attended exclusively by the formation of the corresponding 7,14- and 8,14-dienes respectively (structures of types III and VIII). Cumulative evidence from a variety of experimental approaches had led to the deduction that delta8(14)-steroids are not involved as intermediates on the major pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis. The metabolism of [32-3H]lanost-7-ene-3beta,32-diol (structure of type I) results in the formation of radioactive formic acid, no labelled formaldehyde being formed. By using appropriately labelled species of the compound (I) it was found that the release of formic acid and the formation of 4,4-dimethylcholesta-7,14-dien-3beta-ol (strurcture of type III) were closely linked processes, and that in the conversion of compound (I) into compound (III), 3-beta-hydroxylanost-7-en-32-al (II) is an obligatory intermediate. Both the conversion of lanost-7-ene-3beta,32-diol (I) into 3beta-hydroxylanost-7-en-32-al (II) and the further metabolism of the latter (II) to 4,4-dimethylcholesta-7,14-dien-3beta-ol (III) exhibited a requirement for NADPH and O2. This suggests that the oxidation of the 32-hydroxy group of compound (I) to the aldehyde group of compound (II) does not occur by the conventional alcohol dehydrogenase type of reaction, but may proceed by a novel mechanism involving the intermediacy of a gem-diol. A detailed overall pathway for the 14alpha-demethylation in cholesterol biosynthesis is considered, and proposals about the mechanism of individual steps in the pathway are made.

Synthesis and conformations of α-aminoadipyl- and glycyl-α-aminoadipylthiazepine sulfoxides

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 406-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saul Wolfe ◽  
Raymond John Bowers ◽  
Syed Khaqan Hasan ◽  
Peter Michael Kazmaier
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Carbon Atom ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Chair Conformation ◽  
Membered Ring ◽  
Amide Proton ◽  
Penicillin Biosynthesis ◽  
Boat Conformation ◽  
Internal Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Twist Boat

The title compounds, having the R-absolute configurations at sulfur, and labelled with 14C at carbons 5, 6, and 7 of the seven-membered ring, have been synthesized by condensation of isotopically labelled 3D-benzhydryloxycarbonyl-6L-amino-2,2-dimethyl-5-oxoperhydro-1,4-thiazepine with N-Boc- and α-benzhydryl-protected L-α-aminoadipic acid and glycyl-L-α-aminoadipic acid, followed by oxidation with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid and complete deprotection with formic acid. The conformations of the sulfoxides, and related thiazepines and thiazepine sulfoxides, have been examined by 1Hmr spectroscopy. All thiazepines, and the two title sulfoxides, appear to exist in a twist boat conformation. Most other sulfoxides exist in a chair conformation, which is stabilized by an internal hydrogen bond between the sulfinyl oxygen and the amide proton at C6; when this hydrogen bond is not present, both chair and twist boat conformations may be observable. The title compounds are of interest as possible intermediates in penicillin biosynthesis from glycyl-δ-(L-α-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine (GACV) or ACV, according to a new theory, which deals, in particular, with the stereochemical course of the biosynthesis at the beta (β) carbon atom of valine.

The Effect of Oxidized Cholesterol on the Aorta of Rabbits- Scanning Electron Microscopic Observations

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 340-341
Author(s):  
S. K. Pena ◽  
C. B. Taylor ◽  
J. Hill ◽  
J. Safarik
Keyword(s):  
Cholesterol Biosynthesis ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Arterial Injury ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Aortic Smooth Muscle ◽  
Oxidized Cholesterol ◽  
Initial Event ◽  
Membrane Structure And Function ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽  
And Function

Introduction: Oxidized cholesterol derivatives have been demonstrated in various cell cultures to be very potent inhibitors of 3-hvdroxy-3- methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase which is a principle regulator of cholesterol biosynthesis in the cell. The cholesterol content in the cells exposed to oxidized cholesterol was found to be markedly decreased. In aortic smooth muscle cells, the potency of this effect was closely related to the cytotoxicity of each derivative. Furthermore, due to the similarity of their molecular structure to that of cholesterol, these oxidized cholesterol derivatives might insert themselves into the cell membrane, alter membrane structure and function and eventually cause cell death. Arterial injury has been shown to be the initial event of atherosclerosis.

An atomic resolution study of a carbide phase in platinum

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-21
Author(s):  
M.J. Witcomb ◽  
M.A. O'Keefe ◽  
CJ. Echer ◽  
C. Nelson ◽  
J.H. Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Solution ◽  
Carbon Atom ◽  
Carbide Phase ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Alloy System ◽  
Atomic Resolution ◽  
Excess Carbon ◽  
Interstitial Carbon ◽  
Resolution Study

Under normal circumstances, Pt dissolves only a very small amount of interstitial carbon in solid solution. Even so, an appropriate quench/age treatment leads to the formation of stable Pt2C {100} plate precipitates. Excess (quenched-in) vacancies play a critical role in the process by accommodating the volume and structural changes that accompany the transformation. This alloy system exhibits other interesting properties. Due to a large vacancy/carbon atom binding energy, Pt can absorb excess carbon at high temperatures in a carburizing atmosphere. In regions rich in carbon and vacancies, another carbide phase, Pt7C which undergoes an order-disorder reaction was formed. The present study of Pt carburized at 1160°C and aged at 515°C shows that other carbides in the PtxC series can be produced.

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