Rancang Bangun Sistem Monitoring Kelembaban Dan Suhu Tanah Untuk Tanaman Bawang Merah Di Kabupaten Brebes

Tanaman bawang merah merupakan salah satu kebutuhan pokok, benih bawang merah yang baik adalah yang tumbuh secara optimal yang dipengaruhi beberapa faktor salah satunya adalah presentase kelembaban dan suhu tanah. Syarat tumbuh optimal benih bawang merah harus ditanam pada tempat yang kelembaban dan suhu tanahnya sesuai dengan yang dibutuhkan benih bawang merah. Berkembangnya teknologi saat ini dimungkinkan membuat sebuah teknologi dibidang pertanian. Pada penelitian ini dikembangkan sistem monitoring kelembaban dan suhu tanah dengan media penyiraman, alat ini berfungsi untuk mengukur dan menormalkan kelembaban dan suhu tanah untuk tanaman bawang merah. Pengukuran kelembaban tanah menggunakan sensor kelembaban tanah, pengukuran suhu tanah menggunakan sensor DS18B20. Sistem ini menggunakan Arduino Nano sebagai penggerak utama. Cara kerja alat ini adalah saat sensor kelembaban tanah mendeteksi kelembaban di bawah 50% maka mikrokontroler akan mengaktifkan water pump, saat sensor mengukur kelembaban tanah diatas 70% maka mikrokontroler akan memberi perintah water pump off. Seluruh informasi menghidupkan dan mematikan water pump akan ditampilkan pada LCD. Hasil penelitian nilai suhu tanah yang cocok sebesar 25°C-32°C dan nilai kelembaban tanah 50%-70%, untuk jenis tanah yang cocok untuk tanaman bawang merah adalah tanah aluvial yang tidak mudah kering sehingga nilai kelembaban tanah lebih stabil.

Biosynthesis of Xanthan Gum by Xanthomonas campestris Using Cane Molasses as a Carbon Source

The objective of the present study was to study the optimization conditions for the production of xanthan by Xanthomonas campestris from pre-treated sugarcane molasses. In the study, the optimization was carried out for different parameters including pH, temperature, and incubation time for the pre-treated sugarcane molasses. The age of inoculums and time of culture growth (6, 12, 18 and 24 hrs), size of inoculums (2%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%), pH (6.6, 6.8, 7.0 and 7.2) and temperature (25°C, 28°C, 30°C, 32°C and 37°C) were studied. It was observed that the xanthan production was maximal with 7.5% (v/v) inoculums, pH. 7 at 30°C for 48 hrs. The study suggested that cane molasses is an appropriate agro-industrial substrate for xanthan gum fermentations, and further scale-up study is needed for gum production in the stirred fermenter.

Enrofloxacin Alters Fecal Microbiota and Resistome Irrespective of Its Dose in Calves

Enrofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone drug used to prevent and control bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex in multiple or single doses, ranging from 7.5 to 12.5 mg/kg body weight. Here, we examined the effects of high and low doses of a single subcutaneously injected enrofloxacin on gut microbiota and resistome in calves. Thirty-five calves sourced for this study were divided into five groups: control (n =7), two low dose groups (n = 14, 7.5 mg/kg), and two high dose groups (n = 14, 12.5 mg/kg). One group in the low and high dose groups was challenged with Mannheimia haemolytica to induce BRD. Both alpha and beta diversities were significantly different between pre- and post-treatment microbial communities (q < 0.05). The high dose caused a shift in a larger number of genera than the low dose. Using metagenomic ProxiMeta Hi-C, 32 unique antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) conferring resistance to six antibiotic classes were detected with their reservoirs, and the high dose favored clonal expansion of ARG-carrying bacterial hosts. In conclusion, enrofloxacin treatment can alter fecal microbiota and resistome irrespective of its dose. Hi-C sequencing provides significant benefits for unlocking new insights into the ARG ecology of complex samples; however, limitations in sample size and sequencing depth suggest that further work is required to validate the findings.

Efektivitas Pemanenan Mikroalga (Spirulina platensis) dengan Metode Elektrokoagulasi menggunakan Tegangan yang Berbeda

Penelitian budidaya Spirulina platensis skala laboratorium di Indonesia mengalami perkembangan yang cukup signifikan, tetapi banyak kendala pada saat pemanenan yaitu mulai dari harga yang tinggi, cara pemanenan yang kurang efektif dan waktu pemanenan yang sangat lama. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas penggunaan metode elektrokoagulasi dalam pemanenan S. platensis menggunakan tegangan yang berbeda. Tahapan penelitian meliputi budidaya mikroalga, proses elektrokoagulasi, dan pemanenan S. platensis, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan analisis biomassa S. platensis, komposisi proksimat, dan kualitas air (pH, suhu, dan kadar besi (Fe)). Perlakuan panen mikroalga dengan metode elektrokoagulasi menggunakan tegangan 0, 5, 10 dan 15 volt (kode masing-masing F0, F1, F2, dan F3). Panen biomassa terbaik dengan elektrokoagulasi dari perlakuan F3 adalah 6,05 gr/L. Hasil analisis proksimat S. platensis pada perlakuan F0, F1, F2, dan F3 berturut-turut yaitu kadar air sebesar 24,58%; 12,32%; 15,36%; 17,48%, kadar abu sebesar 26,56%; 22,42%; 26,53%; 34,99%, kadar protein sebesar 34,24%; 30,26%; 25,81%; 21,67%, kadar lemak sebesar 1,27%; 0,86%; 1,65%; 0,65%, dan kadar karbohidrat sebesar 13,35%; 34,15%; 30,66%; 25,22%. Hasil kualitas air perlakuan F0, F1, F2, dan F3 berturut-turut adalah pH 7, 7, 9, 8, suhu 32°C, 32°C, 32°C, 34°C, kadar besi (Fe) 0,1 mg/L; 8,01 mg/L; 12,58 mg/L; 12,29 mg/L. Perlakuan terbaik terjadi pada pemanenan F3 karena biomassa yang dipanen sangat tinggi.

Characterising the relationship between suitable habitat and gene flow for Myotis bechsteinii and Eptesicus serotinus in Britain

Context Habitat suitability models (HSM) have been used to understand the impacts of landscape-scale habitat connectivity and gene flow mostly by assuming a regular decrease in the cost of movement as habitat improves. Yet, habitat selection and gene flow are governed by different behavioural processes which may limit the reliability of this approach as individuals are likely to disperse through unsuitable habitat for breeding. Objectives The aim of this study was to identify the optimal relationship between gene flow and HSMs for two bat species (Myotis bechsteinii and Eptesicus serotinus) in Britain by testing a range of nonlinear negative exponential functions for the transformation of HSMs into resistance surfaces. Methods We modelled habitat suitability using a hierarchical, multi-level approach that integrates models across three nested levels. Then, we measured the relationship between published genetics data of both species and six negative exponential transformations of the predicted outputs. Results The two most extreme transformations provided the best fit to genetic data for both M. bechsteinii (c = 32; R2 = 0.87) and E. serotinus (c = 16; R2 = 0.42). The negative linear transformations had the poorest fit. Conclusions These results suggest that bats are able to disperse through areas of poor habitat for breeding, but will avoid the most unsuitable areas. We recommend comparing multiple transformations of HSMs at different resolutions to gain a more accurate representation of gene flow across heterogeneous landscapes and to inform cost-effective, targeted management.

Mathematical Modeling of Water-Soluble Astaxanthin Release from Binary Polysaccharide/Gelatin Blend Matrices

Water-soluble AstaSana astaxanthin (AST) was loaded into 75/25 blend films made of polysaccharides (carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), gum Arabic (GAR), starch sodium octenyl succinate (OSA), water-soluble soy polysaccharides (WSSP)) and gelatin (GEL) at levels of 0.25, 0.5, and 1%, respectively. Due to the presence of starch granules in the AST formulation, the supplemented films exhibited increased surface roughness as compared to the AST-free films. Apart from the CMC/GEL carrier, the migration of AST to water (25 °C, 32 h) was incomplete. Excluding the CMC-based carrier, the gradual rise in the AST concentration decreased the release rate. The Hopfenberg with time lag model provided the best fit for all release series data. Based on the quarter-release times (t25%), the 0.25% AST-supplemented OSA/GEL film (t25% = 13.34 h) ensured a 1.9, 2.2, and 148.2 slower release compared to the GAR-, WSSP- and CMC-based carriers, respectively. According to the Korsmeyer–Peppas model, the CMC-based films offered a quasi-Fickian release of AST (n < 0.5) with the burst effect (t100% = 0.5–1 h). In general, the release of AST from the other films was multi-mechanistic (n > 0.5), i.e., controlled at least by Fickian diffusion and the polymer relaxation (erosion) mechanism. The 1% AST-added WSSP/GEL system provided the most linear release profile.

Treatment of Cardiovascular Dysfunction With PDE5-Inhibitors – Temperature Dependent Effects on Transport and Metabolism of cAMP and cGMP

IntroductionCardiovascular dysfunction is a potentially lethal complication of hypothermia. Due to a knowledge gap, pharmacological interventions are not recommended at core temperatures below 30°C. Yet, further cooling is induced in surgical procedures and survival of accidental hypothermia is reported after rewarming from below 15°C, advocating a need for evidence-based treatment guidelines. In vivo studies have proposed vasodilation and afterload reduction through arteriole smooth muscle cGMP-elevation as a favorable strategy to prevent cardiovascular dysfunction in hypothermia. Further development of treatment guidelines demand information about temperature-dependent changes in pharmacological effects of clinically relevant vasodilators.Materials and MethodsHuman phosphodiesterase-enzymes and inverted erythrocytes were utilized to evaluate how vasodilators sildenafil and vardenafil affected cellular efflux and enzymatic breakdown of cAMP and cGMP, at 37°C, 34°C, 32°C, 28°C, 24°C, and 20°C. The ability of both drugs to reach their cytosolic site of action was assessed at the same temperatures. IC50- and Ki-values were calculated from dose–response curves at all temperatures, to evaluate temperature-dependent effects of both drugs.ResultsBoth drugs were able to reach the intracellular space at all hypothermic temperatures, with no reduction compared to normothermia. Sildenafil IC50 and Ki-values increased during hypothermia for enzymatic breakdown of both cAMP (IC50: 122 ± 18.9 μM at 37°C vs. 269 ± 14.7 μM at 20°C, p &lt; 0.05) and cGMP (IC50: 0.009 ± 0.000 μM at 37°C vs. 0.024 ± 0.004 μM at 32°C, p &lt; 0.05), while no significant changes were detected for vardenafil. Neither of the drugs showed significant hypothermia-induced changes in IC50 and Ki–values for inhibition of cellular cAMP and cGMP efflux.ConclusionSildenafil and particularly vardenafil were ableto inhibit elimination of cGMP down to 20°C. As the cellular effects of these drugs can cause afterload reduction, they show potential in treating cardiovascular dysfunction during hypothermia. As in normothermia, both drugs showed higher selectivity for inhibition of cGMP-elimination than cAMP-elimination at low core temperatures, indicating that risk for cardiotoxic side effects is not increased by hypothermia.

Temperature effects on the non-parasitic phase of Amblyomma parvum (Acari: Ixodidae)

The tick Amblyomma parvum has a wide distribution in the Central and South America. Therefore, throughout its distribution range, populations of this tick are exposed to different abiotic factors (e.g., Temperature and humidity). Here, we assess the effect of five temperatures, 18°C, 21°C, 24°C, 27°C, 32°C and 80 ± 10% RH on non-parasitic phases of A. parvum under controlled conditions of laboratory. Our results show that temperature affects all parameters of the non-parasitic phases of A. parvum. Mean periods of premolt and molting of immatures, and mean periods of pre-oviposition, oviposition and incubation of females decreases as temperature increases from 18 °C to at 32 °C. Conversely, the molting success of larvae increased from 18 °C to 32 °C but the percentages were statistically non-significant under 21°C, 24°C and 27°C. The molting success of nymphs was higher than 95% under all temperatures. Mean percentages of egg mass and EPE increases as temperature increase from 18 °C to 27°C, then both decrease at 32 °C. The mean percentage of egg hatching was higher than 90% from 21 to 32 °C. The total non-parasitic phase of A. parvum was completed in an average of 223.4, 150.9, 114.7, 90.2 and 69.0 days, respectively, under temperatures of 18°C, 21°C, 24°C, 27°C and 32°C. The effect of five temperatures studied in this experiment suggest that populations of A.parvum can exhibit different biological and ecological behaviors throughout its distribution range, as expected to occur in ticks with wide range distribution.

Impacts of Ambient Temperature Change on the Breakdown Voltage of a Distribution Transformer

The aim of this paper is to determine the effects of ambient temperature variation on the breakdown voltage of a distribution transformer. Three different insulation oil samples (naphtha mineral, paraffin mineral and silicon base transformer oil) were collected from six distribution transformers (300 – 500 kVA) across two business units (Asaba and Ugbowo) of Benin Electricity Distribution Company during May and June, 2017. The oil samples were analysed using the 60 kV Megger OST60PB portable oil tester, to determine the trend of breakdown voltage of the oil insulation under varying temperature. A 3rd order polynomial model was deduced for each sample type with coefficient of determination within the range of 96.99 – 99.95 %. The observed average breakdown voltage is 43.6 kV (for naphtha base mineral transformer oil), 42.2 kV (for paraffin base mineral transformer oil) and 46.8 kV (for silicon base transformer oil) within the temperature range (26˚C – 32˚C). The result indicates that the breakdown voltages of the considered transformer oil types are satisfactory but the silicon base transformer oil has the best breakdown voltage.

Impact of Temperature on Survival Rate, Fecundity, and Feeding Behavior of Two Aphids, Aphis gossypii and Acyrthosiphon gossypii, When Reared on Cotton

Aphid performance is sensitive to temperature changes. Previous studies found that Acyrthosiphon gossypii (Mordviiko) was more sensitive to high temperature than Aphis gossypii (Glover). However, the effects of high temperatures on the survival, fecundity, and feeding behavior of these two aphid adults are not clear. This study examined the effect of different temperatures (29 °C, 32 °C, and 35 °C) on the adult survival rate, fecundity, and feeding behavior of these two aphid species. Our results showed that the adverse effects of high temperatures (32 °C and 35 °C) on aphid adult survival and fecundity were greater for Ac. gossypii than Ap. gossypii. The electrical penetration graph (EPG) data showed that Ac. gossypii spent more time feeding on xylem than phloem under all temperature treatments, which contrasted with Ap. gossypii. The time of phloem ingestion by Ap. gossypii at 32 °C was significantly higher than at 29 °C, while for Ac. gossypii, this value significantly decreased when temperature increased. These feeding patterns indicate that Ac. gossypii obtains less nutrition from phloem in support of its development and fecundity. Data generated in this study will serve as the basis for predicting the effects of increased temperature on these two cotton aphids.