scholarly journals Cephalopod vision involves dicarboxylic amino acids: D-aspartate, L-aspartate and L-glutamate

2005 ◽  
Vol 386 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore D'ANIELLO ◽  
Patrizia SPINELLI ◽  
Gabriele FERRANDINO ◽  
Kevin PETERSON ◽  
Mara TSESARSKIA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Sepia Officinalis ◽  
Optic Lobes ◽  
Loligo Vulgaris ◽  
Aspartate Racemase ◽  
High Concentrations

In the present study, we report the finding of high concentrations of D-Asp (D-aspartate) in the retina of the cephalopods Sepia officinalis, Loligo vulgaris and Octopus vulgaris. D-Asp increases in concentration in the retina and optic lobes as the animal develops. In neonatal S. officinalis, the concentration of D-Asp in the retina is 1.8±0.2 μmol/g of tissue, and in the optic lobes it is 5.5±0.4 μmol/g of tissue. In adult animals, D-Asp is found at a concentration of 3.5±0.4 μmol/g in retina and 16.2±1.5 μmol/g in optic lobes (1.9-fold increased in the retina, and 2.9-fold increased in the optic lobes). In the retina and optic lobes of S. officinalis, the concentration of D-Asp, L-Asp (L-aspartate) and L-Glu (L-glutamate) is significantly influenced by the light/dark environment. In adult animals left in the dark, these three amino acids fall significantly in concentration in both retina (approx. 25% less) and optic lobes (approx. 20% less) compared with the control animals (animals left in a diurnal/nocturnal physiological cycle). The reduction in concentration is in all cases statistically significant (P=0.01–0.05). Experiments conducted in S. officinalis by using D-[2,3-3H]Asp have shown that D-Asp is synthesized in the optic lobes and is then transported actively into the retina. D-aspartate racemase, an enzyme which converts L-Asp into D-Asp, is also present in these tissues, and it is significantly decreased in concentration in animals left for 5 days in the dark compared with control animals. Our hypothesis is that the dicarboxylic amino acids, D-Asp, L-Asp and L-Glu, play important roles in vision.

Optic gland implants and their effects on the gonads of Octopus

1975 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Wells ◽  
J. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Sepia Officinalis ◽  
Loligo Vulgaris

1. Optic glands transplanted from one Octopus vulgaris into another cause enlargement of the gonads and ducts of the recipient. 2. Enlargement occurs whether or not the gland was secreting when implanted and regardless of the sex of the donor or recipient. 3. Glands derived from Eledone moschata or Octopus macropus implanted into O. vulgaris are as effective as glands derived from O. vulgaris. 4. Implants derived from Sepia officinalis or Loligo vulgaris appear to be ineffective.

scholarly journals Αλιευτική δραστηριότητα και στρατηγικές διαχείρισης της μικρής παράκτιας αλιείας στα Δωδεκάνησα

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Κυριακούλα Ροδίτη
Keyword(s):  
Sparus Aurata ◽  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Sepia Officinalis ◽  
Loligo Vulgaris ◽  
Mullus Barbatus ◽  
Diplodus Sargus ◽  
Mullus Surmuletus ◽  
Pagrus Pagrus ◽  
Boops Boops ◽  
Scorpaena Porcus

Παραδοσιακά, η μικρή παράκτια αλιεία συσχετίζεται σε μεγάλο βαθμό με τους κοινωνικοοικονομικούς παράγοντες των παράκτιων και νησιωτικών περιοχών της Μεσογείου. Υπάρχει μεγάλο ενδιαφέρον για την εξασφάλιση της βιώσιμης εκμετάλλευσης και βιωσιμότητάς της. Η παρούσα έρευνα περιγράφει την μικρή παράκτια αλιεία στα Δωδεκάνησα (Κάλυμνος, Κως, Λέρος, Πάτμος, Σύμη), που φιλοξενεί τον μεγαλύτερο παράκτιο στόλο στην ανατολική Μεσόγειο. Επιπλέον, αυτή η έρευνα στοχεύει στην αξιολόγηση της οικονομικής βιωσιμότητας του αλιευτικού στόλου της μικρής παράκτιας αλιείας, με βάση τον υπολογισμό οικονομικών δεδομένων. Μια πολυπαραγοντική ανάλυση χρησιμοποιήθηκε για τον προσδιορισμό των ενασχολήσεων, εισάγοντας τους κύριους πόρους και τα δεδομένα αλιευτικών εργαλείων, που καταγράφηκαν κατά την εκφόρτωση. Οι πιο σημαντικές ενασχολήσεις που αφορούσαν τα αλιευτικά εργαλεία και τα είδη-στόχους είναι: απλάδια δίχτυα, Boops boops, μανωμένα δίχτυα, Scorpaena porcus and Mullus surmuletus, στάσιμα παραγάδια, Pagellus erythrinus, Pagrus pagrus, Diplodus sargus, παρασυρόμενα παραγάδια, Xiphias gladius και μπραγκαρόλα, Octopus vulgaris. Η οικονομική ανάλυση πραγματοποιήθηκε με στόχο την παρουσίαση μιας μεθοδολογίας για την αναγνώριση της σημασίας του αλιευτικού στόλου της μικρής παράκτιας αλιείας, βάσει οικονομικών δεδομένων και τεχνικών χαρακτηριστικών του αλιευτικού στόλου. Το νησί της Καλύμνου αξίζει ιδιαίτερη προσοχή καθώς φιλοξενεί τον μεγαλύτερο και πιο ενεργό παράκτιο αλιευτικό στόλο. Η παρούσα έρευνα αναλύει την αλιεία με παραγάδια και δίχτυα, όπου αυτή δραστηριοποιείται στο νησί της Καλύμνου. Για την αναγνώριση των ενασχολήσεων χρησιμοποιήθηκε πολυπαραγοντική ανάλυση. Οι οικονομικοί δείκτες στο νησί της Καλύμνου υπολογίστηκαν για τις ενασχολήσεις όπου ταυτοποιήθηκαν. Έξι κύριες ενασχολήσεις αναγνωρίστηκαν με τη χρήση των αλιευτικών εργαλείων: στάσιμα παραγάδια, παρασυρόμενα παραγάδια, μπραγκαρόλα και καλαμαριέρα και στόχευαν στα είδη P. pagrus, Diplodus vulgaris, P. erythrinus, Sparus aurata, X. gladius, O. vulgaris και Loligo vulgaris. Όλες οι ενασχολήσεις παρουσίασαν θετική ακαθάριστη ταμειακή ροή, ειδικά όταν στόχευαν στα είδη X. gladius, P. pagrus, D. vulgaris, P. erythrinus και S. aurata. Τέσσερεις κύριες ενασχολήσεις παρατηρήθηκαν με τη χρήση των αλιευτικών εργαλείων απλάδια και μανωμένα δίχτυα, με είδη στόχου Mullus barbatus, B. boops, M. surmuletus, S. porcus και Sepia officinalis. Οι δυο από τις τέσσερεις κύριες ενασχολήσεις, όπου στόχευαν στα είδη B. boops S. porcus και S. officinalis ήταν οικονομικά αποδοτικότερες. Τα αποτελέσματα παρείχαν ουσιαστικές πληροφορίες για την ανάπτυξη και την εφαρμογή σχεδίων διαχείρισης που αφορουν τη βιωσιμότητα της μικρής παράκτιας αλιείας.

Ontogeny of lens crystallins in marine cephalopods

Development ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Samir K. Brahma
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Mechanism ◽  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Lens Protein ◽  
Sepia Officinalis ◽  
Lens Development ◽  
Lens Crystallins ◽  
Cytochemical Staining ◽  
Loligo Vulgaris ◽  
Lens Crystallin ◽  
The Relationship

The ontogeny of the lens crystallin antigens throughout development of three marine cephalopod embryos, Loligo vulgaris, Sepia officinalis and Octopus vulgaris has been investigated using the indirect immuno-cytochemical staining against respective homologous anti-total lens protein antiserum. The cellular mechanism of lens development appears to be the same in all species investigated and so does the ontogeny of the lens crystallins. The first positive immunofluorescence reaction appears simultaneously and in equal intensities over the lens and lentigenic area confirming the relationship between the two.

PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS BY SOLVENT REDEVELOPMENT WITHOUT PRIOR REMOVAL OF SALTS OR PROTEINS

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 1137-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur E. Pasieka
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Paper Chromatography ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Complex Mixtures ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Equivalent Time ◽  
Biological Compounds ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Subsequent Staining

A solvent redeveloping technique has been devised by which amino acids, peptides, and sugars can be separated from complex mixtures in the presence of high concentrations of salts and proteins. The separations are effected by two to four successive 18-hour solvent developments with drying between each 18-hour period before subsequent staining of the chromatograms. Better separations and resolutions are obtained by such successive 18-hour solvent developments than by one continuous solvent development for an equivalent time. The effect of these redevelopments on the separations and resolutions of biological compounds is illustrated at various stages by photographs of one- and two-dimensional chromatograms. The redevelopment technique requires filter paper sheets up to 4 ft in length for one-dimensional analytical and preparative types of chromatograms.

Occurrence of -Amino Acids and a Pyridoxal 5′-Phosphate-Dependent Aspartate Racemase in the Acidothermophilic Archaeon, Thermoplasma acidophilum

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiqun Long ◽  
Jen-Ai Lee ◽  
Taizo Okamoto ◽  
Masae Sekine ◽  
Noriyuki Nimura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Thermoplasma Acidophilum ◽  
Aspartate Racemase

Quantitative Changes in Plasma Amino Acids Induced by Oral Contraceptives

1971 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. L. Craft ◽  
T. J. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Contraceptive Pills ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Normal Women ◽  
Quantitative Changes

1. Plasma amino acids have been determined in healthy untreated women and in those receiving synthetic steroids to suppress ovulation. Both groups were studied early in the cycle when endogenous sex hormone production is low, and again later in the same cycle, when endogenous or exogenous hormones are at high concentrations respectively. 2. In normal women there is a significant decrease in plasma concentrations of serine, glutamate and ornithine, and of total amino acids in the second half of the cycle. 3. At this time those taking oral contraceptives have significant decreases in plasma concentrations of proline, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine and tyrosine, and of total plasma amino acids. In addition plasma glutamate, glycine, isoleucine and tyrosine concentrations are significantly lower than in normal women. 4. In the interval between completing one course of contraceptive pills and commencing the next, total plasma amino acid concentration reverts to normal, but a significant decrease in plasma glycine concentration persists. 5. It is suggested that these changes are due to the influence of endogenous and exogenous sex hormones respectively.

Reproduction Versus Somatic Growth: Hormonal Control in Octopus Vulgaris

1978 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. O'DOR ◽  
M. J. WELLS
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Gland Secretion ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Precocious Maturity

Octopus vulgaris can be forced into precocious maturity by removal of the subpedunculate lobe from the brain, an operation that releases the optic glands from inhibition, and allows them to secrete a gonadotropin. 14C-leucine was injected into the bloodstream of immature animals and its subsequent incorporation into muscle protein followed by taking successive samples from the arms. The optic glands were then activated, and a further injection of 3H-leucine given and followed by means of further arm samples. Optic gland secretion suppresses protein synthesis in the muscles. This is associated with an increase in the total amino acid pool in the muscles and with a considerable increase in the concentration of free amino acids circulating in the blood. If an ovary is present these events are associated with a rapid growth of the ovary and its ducts, and a loss of weight elsewhere. In ovariectomized animals the ducts grow, but there is no yolk to absorb the large pool of free amino acids, and the animals gain weight by osmotic uptake of water into the muscles. The developing ovary may produce a hormone that increases the release of amino acids from muscle, since the concentration circulating in the blood of intact animals remains at least as high as in ovariectomized octopuses, despite the demands of the developing ovary. These matters are discussed in relation to other evidence for a gonadial hormone and in relation to the ‘self-destruct’ effect of the optic gland secretion in determining the post-reproductive death of octopuses.

FURTHER STUDIES ON THE DUAL REQUIREMENT FOR PHENYLALANINE AND TYROSINE IN TISSUE CULTURE

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 925-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen J. Morton ◽  
Joseph F. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Heart Cells ◽  
Present System ◽  
Chick Heart ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Chick Embryo Heart ◽  
Embryo Heart ◽  
Related Compounds

Seventeen structurally related compounds were tested for their ability to substitute for phenylalanine or tyrosine in the nutrition of chick embryo heart fragments. DL-Alanyl-DL-phenylalanine replaced phenylalanine. All other compounds had negligible effects, and most were toxic at high concentrations. β-Phenylserine, a phenylalanine antagonist, actually prolonged the survival of chick heart cells but only if both phenylalanine and tyrosine were present. Similarly, optimal reversal of β-phenylserine toxicity was dependent on the presence of both amino acids. Although phenylalanine and tyrosine are not interconvertible in the present system, it has been shown that three phenylalanine antagonists, p-fluorophenylalanine, β-2-thienylalanine, and β-phenylserine, can be identified by their relationship to tyrosine, rather than to phenylalanine.

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