Quantitative Changes in Plasma Amino Acids Induced by Oral Contraceptives

1971 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. L. Craft ◽  
T. J. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Contraceptive Pills ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Normal Women ◽  
Quantitative Changes

1. Plasma amino acids have been determined in healthy untreated women and in those receiving synthetic steroids to suppress ovulation. Both groups were studied early in the cycle when endogenous sex hormone production is low, and again later in the same cycle, when endogenous or exogenous hormones are at high concentrations respectively. 2. In normal women there is a significant decrease in plasma concentrations of serine, glutamate and ornithine, and of total amino acids in the second half of the cycle. 3. At this time those taking oral contraceptives have significant decreases in plasma concentrations of proline, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine and tyrosine, and of total plasma amino acids. In addition plasma glutamate, glycine, isoleucine and tyrosine concentrations are significantly lower than in normal women. 4. In the interval between completing one course of contraceptive pills and commencing the next, total plasma amino acid concentration reverts to normal, but a significant decrease in plasma glycine concentration persists. 5. It is suggested that these changes are due to the influence of endogenous and exogenous sex hormones respectively.

Portal vein, hepatic vein and circulating plasma amino acids in rats given diets based on lactalbumin, faba bean (Vicia faba) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Rubiot
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Portal Vein ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Portal Blood Flow ◽  
Hepatic Veins ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
Synthetic Amino Acids ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Faba Beans

AbstractThree experiments were carried out to determine plasma amino acids concentrations in circulating, portal and hepatic blood of growing male Wistar rats given diets containing lactalbumin, faba beans or chickpeas as the only protein source. Diets contained the same amount of digestible energy (15·5 kJ/g) and protein (lactalbumin in controls or legume proteins in the experimental diets; 100 g/kg). Appropriate amounts of essential synthetic amino acids were also added to legume-based diets taking into account their amino acid composition to equalize them to control (lactalbumin) diets. Portal blood flow (8·7±0·3 ml/min) was measured by using a transit-time ultrasound flow probe. Higher (P < 001) plasma concentrations of methionine than of controls were determined in hepatic veins of legume-fed rats. In contrast, lower (P < 001) concentrations of threonine, proline, valine, leucine, phenylalanine and lysine than those of controls were found in faba bean- and chickpea-fed rats. The same result as hepatic was obtained for portal and circulating plasma samples except that alanine and histidine values of legume-fed rats were also lower (P < 001) than controls. Calculated net afferent appearance rates of amino acids to the liver were lower (P < 001) than controls in rats given faba bean and chickpea diets for threonine, alanine, proline, valine, leucine, phenylalanine and lysine. This lower contribution of amino acids to the liver mainly via the portal vein in faba bean or chickpea-fed rats might explain previously reported differences in protein utilization and growth in comparison with animals given other protein sources (lactalbumin).

scholarly journals Dose-ranging effects of citrulline administration on plasma amino acids and hormonal patterns in healthy subjects: the Citrudose pharmacokinetic study

2007 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 855-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Moinard ◽  
I. Nicolis ◽  
N. Neveux ◽  
S. Darquy ◽  
S. Bénazeth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
Multiple Dosing ◽  
Dose Ranging ◽  
Loading Tests ◽  
High Doses

Previous experimental studies have highlighted that citrulline (CIT) could be a promising pharmaconutrient. However, its pharmacokinetic characteristics and tolerance to loading have not been studied to date. The objective was to characterise the plasma kinetics of CIT in a multiple-dosing study design and to assess the effect of CIT intake on the concentrations of other plasma amino acids (AA). The effects of CIT loading on anabolic hormones were also determined. Eight fasting healthy males underwent four separate oral loading tests (2, 5, 10 or 15 g CIT) in random order. Blood was drawn ten times over an 8 h period for measurement of plasma AA, insulin and growth hormone (Gh). Urine samples were collected before CIT administration and over the next 24 h. None of the subjects experienced side effects whatever the CIT dose. Concerning AA, only CIT, ornithine (ORN) and arginine (ARG) plasma concentrations were affected (maximum concentration 146 (sem 8) to 303 (sem 11) μmol/l (ARG) and 81 (sem 4) to 179 (sem 10) μmol/l (ORN); time to reach maximum concentration 1·17 (sem 0·26) to 2·29 (sem 0·20) h (ARG) and 1·38 (sem 0·25) to 1·79 (sem 0·11) h (ORN) according to CIT dose). Even at high doses, urinary excretion of CIT remained low ( < 5 %). Plasma insulin and Gh were not affected by CIT administration. Short-term CIT administration is safe and well-tolerated. CIT is a potent precursor of ARG. However, at the highest doses, CIT accumulated in plasma while plasma ARG levels increased less than expected. This may be due to saturation of the renal conversion of CIT into ARG.

Plasma amino acids, prolactin, insulin and glucose concentrations in lactating sows following venous infusion of isoleucine, leucine, lysine, threonine or valine

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. G. de Ridder ◽  
C. Farmer ◽  
C. F. M. de Lange ◽  
A. K. Shoveller ◽  
P. H. Luimes
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Lactating Sows ◽  
Venous Infusion

de Ridder, K. A. G., Farmer, C., de Lange, C. F. M., Shoveller, A. K. and Luimes, P. H. 2014. Plasma amino acids, prolactin, insulin and glucose concentrations in lactating sows following venous infusion of isoleucine, leucine, lysine, threonine or valine. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 323–330. The amino acid supply to lactating sows affects their milk yield, and the current study aims at establishing whether this is mediated via increases in concentrations of insulin and prolactin, two hormones that are important for lactation. Six multiparous Yorkshire sows (252.8±18.5 kg body weight) were fitted with an ear vein catheter and were used in a 6×6 Latin square design experiment from days 7 to 10 of lactation (am and pm infusions on 3 consecutive days). Sows were fed a commercial corn and soybean meal diet (17.1% crude protein) three times daily (1.5 kg at 0600 and 1200, 3.0 kg at 1830). Starting 2 h after the 0600 or 1200 feeding, sows received an infusion of saline (control), isoleucine, leucine, lysine, threonine or valine at a rate of 33 mL min−1during 30 min. The infused dose was equivalent to 18±0.9% of true ileal digestible intake for each of the amino acids. Serial blood samples were taken, starting 30 min prior to infusion and until 240 min after infusion. Plasma concentrations of amino acids, prolactin, insulin, and glucose were determined. Data were analyzed as repeated measurements and also using areas under the curve. Intravenous infusion with each of the five amino acids studied increased the corresponding free plasma amino acid concentrations (P<0.05). However, concentrations of prolactin, insulin, and glucose were not affected by infusion of any of the amino acids studied (P>0.10). Therefore, supplying intravenously 18% of the daily intake of isoleucine, leucine, lysine, threonine or valine brings about expected increases in amino acids, but does not alter the short-term response in prolactin, insulin or glucose concentrations of lactating sows.

Quantitative changes in plasma amino acids in patients with renal disease

1972 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.H.F. McGale ◽  
J.C. Pickford ◽  
G.M. Aber
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Renal Disease ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
Quantitative Changes

scholarly journals The short-term response to a drink of milk, lactose or casein in children with apparently normal gastrointestinal tracts

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary A. Rossiter ◽  
T. Palmer ◽  
K. Evans ◽  
B. A. Wharton
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Food Constituent ◽  
Term Response

1. Drinks of milk, lactose and casein were given to children who, though suspected of having malabsorption, were subsequently found to have normal gastrointestinal tracts. The plasma concentrations of glucose, amino acids, urea and insulin following these drinks were measured. The results can probably be taken to represent control values when investigating children with gastrointestinal or metabolic disorders.2. The rise in plasma amino acids after giving casein and the rise in plasma glucose after giving lactose were greater than those after giving equivalent amounts of milk.3. The absorption of an individual food constituent and its uptake by the tissues are influenced by the presence of other food constituents so that ‘tolerance tests’ with individual nutrients may not be truly physiological.

Quantitative Changes in the Free Plasma Amino Acids and Other Ninhydrin Reactive Substances of Sheep Due to Preslaughter Stunning

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 1133-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Lynch ◽  
R. R. Oltjen ◽  
J. W. Thornton ◽  
R. L. Hiner
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Free Plasma

scholarly journals Comparison of 24-Hour Recall and 3-Day Food Records during the Complementary Feeding Period in Thai Infants and Evaluation of Plasma Amino Acids as Markers of Protein Intake

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 653
Author(s):  
Kulnipa Kittisakmontri ◽  
Julie Lanigan ◽  
Areeporn Sangcakul ◽  
Thipwimol Tim-Aroon ◽  
Pornchai Meemaew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
Food Record ◽  
Milk Feeding

Background: An accurate and reliable measurement of nutrient intake is the first and foremost step in order to optimise infant nutrition and evaluate its impact on health outcomes. However, research on the validity of dietary assessment tools used during the weaning period is limited, especially in lower-middle income countries. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate relative validity of a 24-h recall method (24-HR) using a 3-day food record (3-DFR). A secondary aim was to investigate association between protein intake from 3-DFR and plasma amino acids as a potential protein biomarker. Methods A multicentre, prospective cohort study was conducted in Chiang Mai, Thailand from June 2018 to May 2019. Food consumption data were collected in healthy infants using 24-HR and 3-DFR at 9 and 12 months of age. Blood samples were obtained at 12 months (M). Plasma amino acids were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography. Results Of 145 infants, 49% were female. At group level, paired t-tests/Wilcoxon signed rank tests did not show significant differences between average nutrient intakes from the 2 dietary assessment methods, except for vitamin A and vitamin C. Weighted kappa (Kw) was acceptable for all nutrients, except for vitamin A intake at 9 M (Kw = 0.15). The Bland–Altman analyses were unbiased for most nutrients with variable limits of agreement. At individual level, correlation coefficients (r) ranged from acceptable to excellent (r = 0.37–0.87) while cross-classifications showed acceptable outcomes, except for vitamin A. Multivariate analyses showed significant associations between protein intake at 12 M from the 3-DFR and plasma concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and essential amino acids (EAA), even after adjusting for gender, milk feeding type and energy intake. Conclusions For infants aged 9–12 M, a 24-HR can be used as a more practical alternative to a 3-DFR for most nutrients although caution is required for some micronutrients, especially vitamin A. A repeated interview might further improve the accuracy. Furthermore, protein intake, particularly animal-based protein, significantly predicted plasma BCAA and EAA concentrations regardless of gender, type of milk feeding and energy consumption.

Metabolic Aspects of Hypothermia in the Elderly

1980 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Stoner ◽  
K. N. Frayn ◽  
R. A. Little ◽  
C. J. Threlfall ◽  
D. W. Yates ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Metabolites ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Very High

1. Plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, amino acids, non-esterified fatty acids, glycerol, ketone bodies, insulin and cortisol were measured in 43 elderly patients with hypothermia. In 15 of these patients forearm arteriovenous differences were also measured. Core temperatures ranged from 25.9 to 35.5°C. 2. The metabolic state was of mobilization of glycogen and triacylglycerol stores, with high plasma concentrations of lactate and lipid metabolites. The plasma concentration of glucose was raised in those with hypothermia of a short duration (<6 h). In other patients it was low in those with core temperatures around 30°C, but below this temperature it was variable and often high. Concentrations of other metabolites or hormones were not related to core temperature. 3. Plasma concentrations of cortisol were high and positively correlated with those of lactate and glycerol, suggesting active involvement in stimulation of muscle glycogenolysis and of lipolysis. 4. Plasma concentrations of insulin ranged from very low to very high and appeared to depend on the concentrations of both glucose and alanine. 5. Arteriovenous differences were generally small. There was peripheral release of lactate and of amino acids but no overall peripheral uptake of glucose. In nine out of 15 patients there was a significant peripheral release of glucose. 6. No differences in metabolism were observed between patients where the hypothermia appeared accidental and those with an obvious precipitating illness, despite a significantly lower mortality in the former group. 7. It was concluded that therapy should primarily involve rewarming of patients by physical means, without metabolic intervention.

Sweat facilitated losses of amino acids in Standardbred horses and the application of supplementation strategies to maintain condition during training

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 201-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.H. Dunstan ◽  
D.L. Sparkes ◽  
B.J. Dascombe ◽  
C.A. Evans ◽  
M.M. Macdonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Load ◽  
Amino Acid Levels ◽  
High Concentrations

Little is known about the amino acid composition of horse sweat, but significant fluid losses can occur during exercise with the potential to facilitate substantial nutrient losses. Sweat and plasma amino acid compositions for Standardbred horses were assessed to determine losses during a standardised training regime. Two cohorts of horses 2013 (n=5) and 2014 (n=6) were assessed to determine baseline levels of plasma and sweat amino acids. An amino acid supplement designed to counter losses in sweat during exercise was provided after morning exercise daily for 5 weeks (2013, n=5; 2014, n=4). After the supplementation period, blood and sweat samples were collected to assess amino acid composition changes. From baseline assessments of sweat in both cohorts, it was found that serine, glutamic acid, histidine and phenylalanine were present at up to 9 times the corresponding plasma concentrations and aspartic acid at 0-2.2 μmol/l in plasma was measured at 154-262 μmol/l in sweat. In contrast, glutamine, asparagine, methionine and cystine were conserved in the plasma by having lower concentrations in the sweat. The predominant plasma amino acids were glycine, glutamine, alanine, valine, serine, lysine and leucine. As the sweat amino acid profile did not simply reflect plasma composition, it was proposed that mechanisms exist to generate high concentrations of certain amino acids in sweat whilst selectively preventing the loss of others. The estimated amino acid load in 16 l of circulating plasma was 3.8-4.3 g and the calculated loss via sweat during high intensity exercise was 1.6-3.0 g. Following supplementation, total plasma amino acid levels from both cohorts increased from initial levels of 2,293 and 2,044 µmol/l to post-supplementation levels of 2,674 and 2,663 µmol/l respectively (P<0.05). It was concluded that the strategy of providing free amino acids immediately after exercise resulted in raising resting plasma amino acid levels.

scholarly journals Associated Risk Between Use of Oral Contraceptive Pills and Three Types of Breast Cancer: ER+, ER-, and TN

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roshni Rangaswamy
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Great Length ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Positive

Around 9.5 million women between the ages of 15 and 44 use some form of oral contraceptives. Oral contraceptive pills typically consist of progestin and estrogens, synthetic versions of the hormones that a female-bodied person naturally produces and are used by many people for a various number of reasons; such reasons include regulating acne, controlling hormone production, and preventing pregnancy. One in eight women in the US is diagnosed with breast cancer over the course of her lifetime, and many of these cancers have hormone-related causes. However, there are three types of breast cancer specifically linked to the hormones that are found in oral contraceptive pills: estrogen receptor-positive, estrogen receptor-negative, and triple-negative. While the potential of oral contraceptive-related causes for these breast cancers have been studied at great length, researchers are often unable to confirm their finding of an associated risk between synthetic hormones in oral contraceptives and certain types of breast cancer. Many studies agree that this associated risk exists, but stress the need for more involved research with more detailed and specific objectives. This literature review will provide insight into limitations of current research on the associated risk between oral contraceptives and breast cancer in order to fill research gaps and evaluate the certainty of current findings.

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