scholarly journals Anaerobic reactions of Rhus vernicifera laccase and its type-2 copper-depleted derivatives with hexacyanoferrate(II)

1992 ◽  
Vol 284 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Sakurai
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectrum ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Microwave Power ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Type 1 Copper ◽  
Rhus Vernicifera ◽  
Type 3

Anaerobic reactions of Rhus vernicifera laccase and its type-2 copper-depleted derivatives with hexacyanoferrate(II) were investigated by absorption and e.s.r. spectroscopy. When native laccase was treated with excess hexacyanoferrate(II), the type-1 and type-2 coppers were immediately reduced and the e.s.r. signal due to type-3 copper was transiently observed. After incubation, a novel e.s.r. signal (g parallel = 2.31, g perpendicular = 2.08) developed together with the type-1 copper signal. Only the novel e.s.r. signal was left after the sample had been treated with ascorbate. In the corresponding absorption spectrum, a new band was observed at around 490 nm. A similar new e.s.r. signal did not appear for the type-2-copper-depleted (T2D) laccase, in which the type-3 copper had been reduced during the procedure to deplete the type-2 copper. On the other hand, the novel e.s.r. signal emerged when the type-3 copper in T2D laccase had been previously reoxidized with H2O2. The novel e.s.r. signal was not significantly saturated even by 200 mV microwave power at 4 K. Quantitative estimations and a small molecule study for CuII-FeII(CN)6 and CuII-FeIII(CN)6 systems suggested that the novel e.s.r. signal corresponds to some sort of adduct involving the type-3 copper and hexacyanoferrate(II).

Comparing the Arrangements of Governance and Sustainable Development in OECD Countries: Coupled or Decoupled?

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-117
Author(s):  
Huh Taewook
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type Analysis ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This study attempts to analyze to what extent governance and sustainable development (SD) empirically appear compatible in the thirtyfive OECD countries through the fuzzy-set ideal type analysis, and identify which ideal types appear coupled or decoupled, and then reveal which countries belong to the coupled types or to the decoupled types. In short, twenty-two countries (including Sweden (fuzzy score, 0.953), Denmark (0.920), Finland (0.914), Norway (0.911) in Type 1 (G*S, ‘strong G-S coupled countries’); and Turkey (0.906), Greece (0.833), Mexico (0.828) in Type 4 (g*s, ‘lite g-s coupled countries’) are in line with the accepted conventions regarding the compatible relationship between governance and SD. On the other hand, the rest of thirteen countries (including USA (fuzzy score, 0.815), Luxembourg (0.721), Australia (0.660) in Type 2 (G*s, ‘G-s decoupled countries’); and Slovenia (0.728), France (0.644), Czech Rep. (0.625) in Type 3 (g*S, ‘g-S decoupled countries’) may indicate that the relationship of governance and SD is in fact experiencing tensions in the national contexts. These findings are characterized by the substance (of SD) and procedure (of governance) divide. Considering the results, this study focuses on the idea of reflexivity or reflexive capacity.

Triazene derivatives of (1,x)-diazacycloalkanes. Part VII. Synthesis of a series of 1-aryl-2-[3-(3-[2-aryl-1-diazenyl]-1,3-diazepan-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-diazepan-1-yl]-1-diazenes from the reaction of diazonium salts with mixtures of formaldehyde and 1,4-diaminobutane

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 1434-1441
Author(s):  
Reid Tingley ◽  
Keith Vaughan
Keyword(s):  
Diazonium Salt ◽  
Diazonium Salts ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cage Structure ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Bicyclic Molecules

A new series of bistriazenes, the 1-aryl-2-[3-(3-[2-aryl-1-diazenyl]-1,3-diazepan-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-diazepan-1-yl]-1-diazenes (8), has been synthesized from the reaction of diazonium salts with a mixture of 1,4-diaminobutane and formaldehyde. All new compounds of series 8 have been characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy, and the elemental composition of selected examples has been verified by elemental analysis. The connectivity of the series has been unequivocally determined by X-ray crystallography. The new bistriazenes are important because the structure contains the novel saturated heterocycle, 1,3-diazepane. The general conclusion of this study is that alkanediamines with three or four carbon atoms in the spacer link between the nitrogen atoms give rise to the linear bicyclic molecules of type 2, in contrast to the case of ethylenediamine (two carbon atoms in spacer link), which affords molecules of type 3, which exemplify the cage structure of type 1.Key words: diazonium salt, triazene, bistriazene, diazepane, formaldehyde, nuclear magnetic resonance.

scholarly journals Titrations with ferrocyanide of japanese-lacquer-tree (Rhus vernicifera) laccase and of the type 2 copper-depleted enzyme. Interrelation of the copper sites

1980 ◽  
Vol 187 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Morpurgo ◽  
M T Graziani ◽  
A Desideri ◽  
G Rotilio
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Band ◽  
Redox Potential ◽  
Electron Acceptor ◽  
Redox State ◽  
Redox Potentials ◽  
Rhus Vernicifera ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Limiting Value

1. Redox titrations are reported of the metal centres in Japanese-lacquer-tree (Rhus vernicifera) laccase with ferrocyanide. 2. The redox potential of Type 1 Cu was found to increase with ferrocyanide concentration up to a limiting value similar to that for the Type 1 Cu in Type 2 Cu-depleted enzyme (which is independent of ferrocyanide concentration). 3. The redox potential of the two-electron acceptor (Type 3 Cu) is also independent of ferrocyanide concentration in Type 2 Cu-depleted enzyme and lower than values reported for the native enzyme. 4. The two-electron acceptor is present in the oxidized state in the Type 2 Cu-depleted enzyme, though the latter lacks the 330 nm absorption band. 5. The redox potential of Type 2 Cu also depends on ferrocyanide concentration, at least in the presence of azide. 6. The redox potentials are affected by freezing the solutions and/or addition of azide, the latter binding to Type 2 Cu with affinity dependent on the redox state of the two-electron acceptor.

scholarly journals Treatment of Recurrent Intracranial Aneurysms After Neck Clipping: Novel Classification Scheme and Management Strategies

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 670-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinya Kobayashi ◽  
Junta Moroi ◽  
Kentaro Hikichi ◽  
Shotaro Yoshioka ◽  
Hiroshi Saito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Cerebral Aneurysms ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
Procedural Complications ◽  
Complex Surgical Procedures ◽  
Type 3

Abstract BACKGROUND Recurrent aneurysms after initial clipping have been discussed as an important issue in the surgical management of aneurysm. OBJECTIVE To report our experience with recurrent cerebral aneurysms after neck clipping and to discuss classification and recommended management. METHODS Aneurysm treatments from a single institution over a 20-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-three recurrent aneurysms in 23 patients were managed during the study period. Recurrent aneurysms were classified using the concepts of closure line and closure plane, as follows. Type 1: neck situated in an almost different site from the previous clip. Type 2: existing closure plane and reconstructive closure plane are almost the same. Type 3: existing closure plane and reconstructive closure plane cross (type 3a); in rare cases, the existing closure line is sufficiently distant from the neck (type 3b). Type 4: no reconstructive closure line is identifiable. RESULTS Nine patients presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage at recurrence. The mean interval to recurrence was 15.0 years. Management comprised clipping with elective subsequent old-clip removal (n = 7), clipping with preceding old-clip removal (n = 2), bypass occlusion (n = 1), coating (n = 1), combined surgery (n = 1), endovascular surgery (n = 4), and observation (n = 3). Therapeutic intervention was not indicated in 4 patients. Types 3a and 4 required more complex surgical procedures or coil embolization. Procedural complications were observed in 2 patients. CONCLUSION A small but definite propensity toward recurrence after neck clipping exists, and most recurrent aneurysms require some form of retreatment. The novel classification scheme may provide conceptual clarity and therapeutic guidance for decision making.

Curvature Biases in Stereoscopic Vision

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 287-287
Author(s):  
J Ninio
Keyword(s):  
Stereoscopic Vision ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vertical Segment ◽  
Directional Bias ◽  
Nasal Side ◽  
Linear Elements ◽  
The Right ◽  
Type 3

The reliability of in-depth curvature judgements for linear elements was studied with stereograms that contained two linear targets and a background representing a hemisphere. The targets were arcs facing to the left or to the right, like parentheses. Some formed binocular pairs with (type 1) or without (type 2) in-depth curvature. The others were monocular (type 3). The hemisphere in the background was generated by a random curve (Ninio, 1981 Perception10 403 – 410); it was either concave (hollow) or convex. The arcs had their binocular centre in the plane of the centre of the hemisphere. Each stereogram contained a type 1, and either a type 2 or a type 3 target. Subjects had to judge the hemisphere curvature, then the in-depth curvature of the targets in 32 different stereograms covering all curvature combinations. There were about 15% errors on type 1 targets, and 80% of these occurred when both the hemisphere and the target were convex, the target being perceived as concave, by transparency through the hemisphere. There were also about 15% errors on type 2 targets, but spread among all situations, the trend being to perceive them as slightly concave. The monocular stimuli (type 3) were judged to be frontoparallel in 70% of the cases. Otherwise, there was no directional bias except for monocular arcs on the nasal side, in conjunction with a concave background. Then, the perceived in-depth curvature was in the ‘generic’ direction predicted by associating the monocular arc in one image with a straight vertical segment in the other image.

Endometrial Carcinoma under the Age of 40.

1975 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Faggiano ◽  
Mario Trabucco ◽  
Silvana Grasso ◽  
Marcello Filotico
Keyword(s):  
Endometrial Carcinoma ◽  
Endometrial Hyperplasia ◽  
Endometrial Adenocarcinoma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Histological Pattern ◽  
Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Benign Course

Endometrial adenocarcinoma in women under the age of forty presents a different course according to its histology. Adenocarcinomas of the endometrium may be classified into 4 main types: type 1, homologous or endometrioid; type 2, fallopian-like; type 3, cervical-like; type 4, unclassifiable. The majority of homologous adenocarcinomas have a relatively benign course, whereas the other types are definitely malignant. There is no room for doubt between adenocarcinoma and atypical endometrial hyperplasia in women under forty unless the histological pattern is of the homologous or endometrioid type, because the other patterns are definitely malignant.

scholarly journals Pulse-radiolysis studies on the interaction of one-electron reduced species with blue oxidases. Reduction of native and type-2-copper-depleted Vietnamese-lacquer-tree and Japanese-lacquer-tree laccases

1984 ◽  
Vol 222 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
P O'Neill ◽  
E M Fielden ◽  
L Morpurgo ◽  
E Agostinelli
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Radiolysis ◽  
Electron Donors ◽  
Catalytic Activities ◽  
Molecular Electron ◽  
Reducing Equivalent ◽  
Type 1 Copper ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Intramolecular Transfer

The interactions of one-electron reduced metronidazole (ArNO2.-) and O2.- with native and Type-2-copper-depleted Vietnamese- and Japanese-lacquer-tree laccases were studied in aqueous solution at pH 6.0 and 7.4 by using the technique of pulse radiolysis. On reaction with ArNO2.-, in the absence of O2, the holo- and the Type-2-copper-depleted proteins accept, with reduction of Type 1 copper, 2 and 1 reducing equivalents respectively. On reaction with O2.- of both holo- and Type-2-copper-depleted Vietnamese-lacquer-tree laccase, almost complete reduction of Type 1 copper was observed and, after completion of the reaction, some (less than 20%) reoxidation of Type 1 copper occurs. Reduction of Type 1 copper of the laccases by these one-electron donors occurs via a bimolecular step; however, the rate of reduction of Vietnamese-lacquer-tree laccase is over 10 times that of Japanese-lacquer-tree laccase. It is inferred that electrons enter the protein via Type 1 copper with, in the case of the holoprotein, subsequent rapid intramolecular transfer of 1 reducing equivalent within the protein. Furthermore it is suggested that intra-molecular electron transfer to Type 3 copper atoms is slow and, in the case of Type-2-copper-depleted protein, may not occur. This slow process may partially account for the variation of the catalytic activities of ‘blue’ oxidases.

scholarly journals A novel classification for medial malleolar fracture based on the 3-D reconstruction CT

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangke Hu ◽  
Guoyun Bu ◽  
Jun Liang ◽  
Haijing Huang ◽  
Jinquan He
Keyword(s):  
Medial Malleolus ◽  
The Novel ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Surgical Decision ◽  
Posterior Malleolus ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Surgical Decision Making

Abstract Background Fracture of the medial malleolus is one of the most frequent injuries treated surgically; however, the classification of the fracture has not attracted much attention and a good classification system is still lacking. Methods Consecutive cases of medial malleolus fractures were prospectively enrolled. Based on the 3-D reconstruction CT morphology and centered on the posterior colliculus of the medial malleolus, we classified the fractures into 4 types: type 1 with no involvement of the posterior colliculus, type 2 with partial involvement of posterior colliculus, type 3 with the entire involvement of posterior colliculus, and type 4 with the fracture line 4 vertically extended from the intercollicular groove to the comminuted fracture of the posterior malleolus. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the clinical significance of the classification. Results There were 273 cases prospectively enrolled. The distribution of the cases was type 1 of 12.1%, type 2 of 41.0%, type 3 of 30.0%, and type 4 of 16.8%. Statistics showed that the new classification had significant associations but did not totally depend on the classical ankle fracture classifications. Results showed that the new classification had implications in the severity of ankle fractures. From type 1 to type 4, the ankle joint was more and more unstable. Furthermore, comminuted medial malleolar fractures could be subdivided, and the new classification could provide useful information for surgical decision-making. Conclusions The novel classification was a useful system to describe the 3-D geometry of the fractured medial malleolus.

Regional soil fertility patterns in wheatgrowing areas of Victoria

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (88) ◽  
pp. 812 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Jardine ◽  
BR Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
The Other ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
North East ◽  
N Yield ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Regional Grouping

Soil fertility patterns in the wheatgrowing areas of Victoria were examined. The three major patterns identified from the protein content of wheat delivered to 113 silos over the period 1946-74 showed a marked regional grouping encompassing the Wimmera (type 3), Western Mallee (type 2) and the Eastern Mallee, Northern and North-East Districts (type 1). Using 107 P x N wheat fertilizer experiments, four major patterns were identified. Only one of these (low P, nil N yield response) showed any regional grouping (with the Wimmera region); the other three (moderate P, moderate N; high P, small N ; and high P, nil N yield responses) occurred at random throughout the wheat belt. Possible reasons for these patterns and their implications are discussed.

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