Structure and function of the cytochrome P450 peroxygenase enzymes

The cytochromes P450 (P450s or CYPs) constitute a large heme enzyme superfamily, members of which catalyze the oxidative transformation of a wide range of organic substrates, and whose functions are crucial to xenobiotic metabolism and steroid transformation in humans and other organisms. The P450 peroxygenases are a subgroup of the P450s that have evolved in microbes to catalyze the oxidative metabolism of fatty acids, using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant rather than NAD(P)H-driven redox partner systems typical of the vast majority of other characterized P450 enzymes. Early members of the peroxygenase (CYP152) family were shown to catalyze hydroxylation at the α and β carbons of medium-to-long-chain fatty acids. However, more recent studies on other CYP152 family P450s revealed the ability to oxidatively decarboxylate fatty acids, generating terminal alkenes with potential applications as drop-in biofuels. Other research has revealed their capacity to decarboxylate and to desaturate hydroxylated fatty acids to form novel products. Structural data have revealed a common active site motif for the binding of the substrate carboxylate group in the peroxygenases, and mechanistic and transient kinetic analyses have demonstrated the formation of reactive iron-oxo species (compounds I and II) that are ultimately responsible for hydroxylation and decarboxylation of fatty acids, respectively. This short review will focus on the biochemical properties of the P450 peroxygenases and on their biotechnological applications with respect to production of volatile alkenes as biofuels, as well as other fine chemicals.

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Polaromonas hydrogenivorans sp. nov., a psychrotolerant hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium from Alaskan soil

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY ◽

10.1099/ijs.0.64350-0 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 57 (3) ◽

pp. 616-619 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Maria Sizova ◽

Nicolai Panikov

Keyword(s):

Gene Sequence ◽

Sequence Similarity ◽

Biochemical Properties ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Organic Substrates ◽

The Novel ◽

Membrane Phospholipids ◽

Wide Range ◽

Physiological And Biochemical ◽

Physiological And Biochemical Properties

Psychrotolerant (0–25 °C), chemolithotrophic Gram-negative cocci were isolated from Alaskan forest soil. The novel isolate was found to grow autotrophically on H2 : CO2 mixtures and to switch to heterotrophic growth on media containing organic substrates. The novel strain utilized a wide range of organic acids, some simple sugars and alcohols. Naphthalene vapour did not support growth. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, the novel strain is affiliated to the genus Polaromonas, of the class Betaproteobacteria, and is related to Polaromonas naphthalenivorans (99.6 % gene sequence similarity), Polaromonas aquatica (97.4 %) and Polaromonas vacuolata (96.1 %). The membrane phospholipids contained 16 : 1ω7c/16 : 1ω6c, 16 : 0 and 18 : 1ω7c, similar to the fatty acids found for P. naphthalenivorans, P. aquatica and P. vacuolata. On the basis of DNA–DNA hybridization, physiological and biochemical properties, the hydrogen-oxidizing mixotrophic isolate represents a novel species, for which the name Polaromonas hydrogenivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DSM 17735T (=NRRL B-41369T).

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Regulation of muscle plasticity and trophism by fatty acids: A short review

Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1806-9282.63.02.148 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 148-155 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Phablo Abreu ◽

José Henrique Leal-Cardoso ◽

Vânia Marilande Ceccatto ◽

Sandro Massao Hirabara

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Muscle Regeneration ◽

Short Review ◽

Skeletal Muscle Regeneration ◽

Muscle Plasticity ◽

Structural And Functional Properties ◽

Complex Events ◽

And Function

Summary The skeletal muscle tissue has a remarkable ability to alter its plastic structural and functional properties after a harmful stimulus, regulating the expression of proteins in complex events such as muscle regeneration. In this context, considering that potential therapeutic agents have been widely studied, nutritional strategies have been investigated in order to improve the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle. There is evidence of the modulatory action of fatty acids, such that oleic and linoleic acids, that are abundant in Western diets, on muscle function and trophism. Thus, fatty acids appear to be potential candidates to promote or impair the recovery of muscle mass and function during regeneration, since they modulate intracellular pathways that regulate myogenesis. This study is the first to describe and discuss the effect of fatty acids on muscle plasticity and trophism, with emphasis on skeletal muscle regeneration and in vitro differentiation of muscle cells.

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Very long-chain n-3 fatty acids and human health: fact, fiction and the future

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665117003950 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 77 (1) ◽

pp. 52-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 87

Author(s):

P. C. Calder

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Cell Signalling ◽

Docosapentaenoic Acid ◽

Future Research ◽

Depth Dose ◽

Epa And Dha ◽

Wide Range ◽

Clinical Benefits ◽

And Function ◽

Long Chain

EPA and DHA appear to be the most important n-3 fatty acids, but roles for n-3 docosapentaenoic acid are now also emerging. Intakes of EPA and DHA are usually low, typically below those recommended. Increased intakes result in higher concentrations of EPA and DHA in blood lipids, cells and tissues. Increased content of EPA and DHA modifies the structure of cell membranes and the function of membrane proteins. EPA and DHA modulate the production of lipid mediators and through effects on cell signalling can alter the patterns of gene expression. Through these mechanisms, EPA and DHA alter cell and tissue responsiveness in a way that often results in more optimal conditions for growth, development and maintenance of health. DHA has vital roles in brain and eye development and function. EPA and DHA have a wide range of physiological roles, which are linked to certain health or clinical benefits, particularly related to CVD, cancer, inflammation and neurocognitive function. The benefits of EPA and DHA are evident throughout the life course. Future research will include better identification of the determinants of variation of responses to increased intake of EPA and DHA; more in-depth dose–response studies of the effects of EPA and DHA; clearer identification of the specific roles of EPA, docosapentaenoic acid and DHA; testing strategies to enhance delivery of n-3 fatty acids to the bloodstream; and exploration of sustainable alternatives to fish-derived very long-chain n-3 fatty acids.

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POPDC proteins and cardiac function

Biochemical Society Transactions ◽

10.1042/bst20190249 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (5) ◽

pp. 1393-1404 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Thomas Brand

Keyword(s):

Potential Role ◽

Striated Muscle ◽

Short Review ◽

Effector Proteins ◽

Muscle Disease ◽

Disease Genes ◽

Protein Protein Interaction ◽

Interaction Partners ◽

And Function

Abstract The Popeye domain-containing gene family encodes a novel class of cAMP effector proteins in striated muscle tissue. In this short review, we first introduce the protein family and discuss their structure and function with an emphasis on their role in cyclic AMP signalling. Another focus of this review is the recently discovered role of POPDC genes as striated muscle disease genes, which have been associated with cardiac arrhythmia and muscular dystrophy. The pathological phenotypes observed in patients will be compared with phenotypes present in null and knockin mutations in zebrafish and mouse. A number of protein–protein interaction partners have been discovered and the potential role of POPDC proteins to control the subcellular localization and function of these interacting proteins will be discussed. Finally, we outline several areas, where research is urgently needed.

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Chaperonin as the normal controls and pathological anti-stress response in the human reproductive system

HEALTH OF WOMAN ◽

10.15574/hw.2016.111.126 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 126-129

Author(s):

M. Makarenko ◽

◽

D. Hovsyeyev ◽

L. Sydoryk ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reproductive System ◽

Stress Proteins ◽

Physiological Stress ◽

Protein Complexes ◽

Reproductive Function ◽

Intercellular Signaling ◽

Toll Like Receptors ◽

Wide Range ◽

Protein Functions ◽

And Function

Different kinds of physiological stress cause mass changes in the cells, including the changes in the structure and function of the protein complexes and in separate molecules. The protein functions is determined by its folding (the spatial conclusion), which depends on the functioning of proteins of thermal shock- molecular chaperons (HSPs) or depends on the stress proteins, that are high-conservative; specialized proteins that are responsible for the correct proteinaceous folding. The family of the molecular chaperones/ chaperonins/ Hsp60 has a special place due to the its unique properties of activating the signaling cascades through the system of Toll-like receptors; it also stimulates the cells to produce anti- inflammatory cytokines, defensins, molecules of cell adhesion and the molecules of MHC; it functions as the intercellular signaling molecule. The pathological role of Hsp60 is established in a wide range of illnesses, from diabetes to atherosclerosis, where Hsp60 takes part in the regulation of both apoptosis and the autoimmune processes. The presence of the HSPs was found in different tissues that are related to the reproductive system. Key words: molecular chaperons (HSPs), Toll-like receptors, reproductive function, natural auto antibody.

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Possession and Repetition

Postscripts The Journal of Sacred Texts and Contemporary Worlds ◽

10.1558/post.v6i1-3.243 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 6 (1-3) ◽

pp. 243-259 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yohan Yoo

Keyword(s):

First Century ◽

Daily Lives ◽

Modern Times ◽

Sacred Texts ◽

New Methods ◽

Wide Range ◽

Lay Buddhists ◽

Iconic Status ◽

And Function ◽

To Receive

This article demonstrates the need for the iconic status and function of Buddhist scripture to receive more attention by illuminating how lay Korean Buddhists try to appropriate the power of sutras. The oral and aural aspects of scripture, explained by Wilfred Cantwell Smith, provide only a limited understanding of the characteristics of scripture. It should be noted that, before modern times, most lay people, not only in Buddhist cultures but also in Christian and other traditions, neither had the chance to recite scriptures nor to listen to their recitations regularly. Several clear examples demonstrate contemporary Korean Buddhists’ acceptance of the iconic status of sutras and their attempt to appropriate the power and status of those sacred texts. In contemporary Korea, lay Buddhists try to claim the power of scriptures in their daily lives by repeating and possessing them. Twenty-first century lay believers who cannot read or recite in a traditional style have found new methods of repetition, such as internet programs for copying sacred texts and for playing recordings of their recitations. In addition, many Korean Buddhists consider the act of having sutras in one’s possession to be an effective way of accessing the sacred status and power of these texts. Hence, various ways of possessing them have been developed in a wide range of products, from fancy gilded sutras to sneakers embroidered with mantras.

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The Art of Love Poetry

10.1093/oso/9780198752974.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Erik Gray

Keyword(s):

Popular Culture ◽

Cultural History ◽

Literary Tradition ◽

Love Poetry ◽

Erotic Love ◽

Wide Range ◽

History Of ◽

And Function ◽

Meaning And Function ◽

Comprehensive History

Love begets poetry; poetry begets love. These two propositions have seemed evident to thinkers and poets across the Western literary tradition. Plato writes that “anyone that love touches instantly becomes a poet.” And even today, when poetry has largely disappeared from the mainstream of popular culture, it retains its romantic associations. But why should this be so—what are the connections between poetry and erotic love that lead us to associate them so strongly with one another? An examination of different theories of both love and poetry across the centuries reveals that the connection between them is not merely an accident of cultural history—the result of our having grown up hearing, or hearing about, love poetry—but something more intrinsic. Even as definitions of them have changed, the two phenomena have consistently been described in parallel terms. Love is characterized by paradox. Above all, it is both necessarily public, because interpersonal, and intensely private; hence it both requires expression and resists it. In poetry, especially lyric poetry, which features its own characteristic paradoxes and silences, love finds a natural outlet. This study considers both the theories and the love poems themselves, bringing together a wide range of examples from different eras in order to examine the major structures that love and poetry share. It does not aim to be a comprehensive history of Western love poetry, but an investigation into the meaning and function of recurrent tropes, forms, and images employed by poets to express and describe erotic love.

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Plant Extract Valorization of Melissa officinalis L. for Agroindustrial Purposes through Their Biochemical Properties and Biological Activities

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2020/9728093 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Mouna Souihi ◽

Rayda Ben Ayed ◽

Imen Trabelsi ◽

Marwa Khammassi ◽

Nadia Ben Brahim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Biochemical Properties ◽

Major Constituent ◽

Allelopathic Effect ◽

Melissa Officinalis ◽

Lemon Balm ◽

The North ◽

Germacrene D ◽

Leaf Essential Oil

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) is one of the rare medicinal plants in Tunisia. It was found only in two sites in the north of Tunisia with a small number of plants. The study of germination under the NaCl and PEG effect showed that Tunisian lemon balm seeds were sensitive to saline and osmotic stress. Morphological and biochemical characterizations of Tunisian M. officinalis were performed. Results showed that the Tunisian populations presented plants with long, broad leaves and weak branching. The major constituent in leaf essential oil was germacrene-D with a percentage ranging from 29.17 to 24.6%, and the major fatty acids were polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid, ranging from 73.93 to 66.74%. The phenolic content of M. officinalis extract varied significantly among origins which could explain the high variation in antiradical scavenging activity. The evaluation of allelopathic activities showed that the extract of the lemon balm leaves presented an allelopathic effect with the majority of the tested seeds.

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TOWARDS FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURAL DECOMPOSITION OF CONSTRAINED LAYER INFLATABLE SYSTEMS

Proceedings of the Design Society ◽

10.1017/pds.2021.583 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 3219-3228

Author(s):

Koray Benli ◽

Jonathan Luntz ◽

Diann Brei ◽

Wonhee Kim ◽

Paul Alexander ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Conceptual Design ◽

Form And Function ◽

New Concepts ◽

Wide Range ◽

Systematic Understanding ◽

And Function

AbstractPneumatically activated systems enable myriad types of highly functional inflatables employing a wide range of architectural approaches affecting their form and function, making systematic conceptual design difficult. A new architectural class of pneumatically activated systems, constrained layer inflatable systems, consists of hierarchically architected flat layers of thin airtight bladders that are internally and/or externally constrained to generate a variety of functionalities. The highly hierarchical architectural structure of constrained layer inflatable systems coincides with the hierarchy of produced functions, providing an opportunity for the development of a functional architectural decomposition, capturing the inherent relationship between architectural and functional hierarchies. The basis of the approach is conveyed through the design of an example constrained layer inflatable system. This approach empowers the systematic understanding of the interrelated architectural and functional breakdown of constrained layer inflatable systems, enabling designers to iteratively analyze, synthesize, and re-synthesize the components of the system improving existing designs and exploring new concepts.

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