Urinary Excretion of Water and Electrolytes in Normal Females during the Follicular and Luteal Phases of the Menstrual Cycle: The Effect of Posture

1973 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen M. Edwards ◽  
R. I. S. Bayliss
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Electrolyte Excretion ◽  
Water Diuresis ◽  
Proximal Tubular ◽  
Proximal Tubular Function ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

1. Water and electrolyte excretion has been measured in both the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in eight normal females undergoing a sustained water diuresis. 2. When the subjects were supine, no differences were found in urinary excretion during the follicular and luteal phases. 3. When the subjects were tilted to the upright position, the urine volume, excretion of sodium and potassium and the osmolar and free water clearances fell, suggesting an alteration in proximal tubular function. These changes were statistically greater in the luteal than in the follicular phase of the cycle. 4. It is postulated that the enhanced retention of electrolytes and water in response to tilting in the luteal phase is a compensatory mechanism for the decreased effective blood volume at that time.

Effects of Pent-4-Enoic Acid on Renal Free Water, Bicarbonate and Phosphate Excretion in the Dog

1975 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 409-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Kleinman ◽  
M. L. Levin
Keyword(s):  
Free Water ◽  
Tubular Reabsorption ◽  
Enoic Acid ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Water Diuresis ◽  
Water Excretion ◽  
Phosphate Excretion ◽  
Proximal Tubular ◽  
Filtered Load ◽  
Proximal Tubular Reabsorption

1. The effects of pent-4-enoic acid, an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation, were studied in dogs undergoing water diuresis and acetazolamide diuresis. Free water excretion and distal solute delivery were increased when infusion of pent-4-enoic acid was superimposed on an increasing mannitol diuresis. 2. Bicarbonate excretion increased significantly when infusion of pent-4-enoic acid was superimposed on maximum acetazolamide diuresis. 3. Phosphate excretion exceeded 90% of filtered load when pent-4-enoic acid was administered under stable free water conditions and increased significantly when pent-4-enoic acid was superimposed on stable acetazolamide diuresis. 4. The results are interpreted as indicating inhibition of proximal tubular reabsorption by pent-4-enoic acid, emphasizing the importance of fatty acids as a major fuel for proximal tubular metabolism.

Effect of Iomeprol on Renal Function Immediately after Abdominal Angiography

1996 ◽  
Vol 37 (3P2) ◽  
pp. 962-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Murakami ◽  
H. Tajima ◽  
T. Kumazaki
Keyword(s):  
Free Water ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
Abdominal Angiography ◽  
Proximal Tubular ◽  
Proximal Tubular Function ◽  
Brush Border Enzyme ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

Purpose: To investigate the acute renal effects of 2 osmolality levels of iomeprol in a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group study. Material and Methods: Ten patients received iomeprol 300 mg I/ml, and a further 10 received iomeprol 400 mg I/ml intraarterially at routine abdominal angiography. The mean volume of contrast medium administered was 227.3±59.3 ml in the iomeprol 300 group and 221.5±30.9 ml in the iomeprol 400 group. Results: The urinary minute volume increased immediately after angiography, but tended to return to baseline 120 min after the examination. No significant decrease in creatinine clearance occurred; however, the fraction excretion of sodium increased immediately after angiography. The lysosomal enzyme N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and the proximal tubular brush border enzyme γ-glutamyl transferase increased up to 120 min after the procedure. Free water clearance was negative during each study period. No statistical differences in any parameter were evident between these 2 groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that osmotic diuresis and its acute effect on proximal tubular function are induced by the administration of iomeprol, but that these changes are reversible.

URINARY EXCRETION OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN RELATION TO PLASMA ALDOSTERONE CONCENTRATION

1972 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. ADAMSON ◽  
S. W. JAMIESON
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Plasma Aldosterone ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
Potassium Excretion ◽  
Plasma Aldosterone Concentration ◽  
Dose Infusion ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

SUMMARY The effect of a low dose infusion of aldosterone (7·0–8·4 ng/kg/min) on urinary sodium and potassium excretion was assessed in six normal subjects. Plasma aldosterone levels during these infusions (mean 38, range 23–62 ng/100 ml) compared favourably with levels obtained during Na+ deprivation (mean 38, range 30–46 ng/100 ml). In four paired experiments, aldosterone infused in this dose for 2 h produced a significant reduction in Na+ excretion (P < 0·01) and urine volume (P < 0·05) in the 4th hour after the start of the infusion compared with the control infusions. There was no significant change in K+ excretion. Prolonging the aldosterone infusion reduced Na+ excretion. A 10 h infusion of aldosterone (7·7 ng/kg/min) in one subject reduced Na+excretion to 6 μequiv./min. These results are compared to the levels of Na+ excretion obtained in dietary Na+ deprivation.

THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF INFUSED ADRENAL STEROIDS ON RENAL FUNCTION IN ADRENALECTOMIZED DOGS

1961 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. H. Slater ◽  
Paul Mestitz ◽  
Geoffrey Walker ◽  
J. D. N. Nabarro
Keyword(s):  
Urine Volume ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Potassium Excretion ◽  
Adrenal Steroids ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Filtration Fraction ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Slow Absorption ◽  
Water Clearance

ABSTRACT Infusions of cortisol (11β,17,21-trihydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione), prednisolone (11β,17,21-trihydroxy-pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione), aldosterone (11β,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dione-pregn-4-en-18-al), and adrenal cortical extract have been given to four adrenalectomized dogs. The changes of inulin, creatinine, para-aminohippuric acid clearances, urine volume, and sodium and potassium excretion have been measured. Between experiments oral replacement therapy was given to obviate the effect of slow absorption of previously injected steroids. The effects of steroid-free control infusions have been studied. Varying the rate of infusion from 1.0–2.6 ml/min, and sodium from 0–170 μeq/min has little effect on glomerular filtration rates (G. F. R.). Infusions of cortisol (1.5 and 10 mg/h), prednisolone (2 mg/h) and adrenal cortical extract (10 ml/h) raised the G. F. R. and lowered the filtration fraction. As the G. F. R. increased the ratio creatinine: inulin clearance fell. The different dogs varied in their responses. Infusions of prednisolone and cortisol (1.5 mg/h) usually increased sodium output as G. F. R. rose. With aldosterone, adrenal cortical extract and cortisol (10 mg/h) there was sodium retention in three of the four dogs, the fourth was resistant to the sodium retaining action of these steroids while the plasma level was high. All steroid infusions increased potassium excretion. Cortisol increased free water clearance independent of G. F. R. provided the infusion rate exceeded 2 ml/min, prednisolone increased both osmolar and free water clearance, aldosterone increased osmolar clearance and reduced free water clearance.

Inter-relationship between urinary kallikrein-kinins and arginine vasopressin in man

1989 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Yamada ◽  
K. Hasunuma ◽  
T. Shiina ◽  
K. Ito ◽  
Y. Tamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Urinary Kallikrein ◽  
Plasma Aldosterone Concentration ◽  
Water Loading

1. Physiological saline solution was infused in nine normal subjects and six patients with central diabetes insipidus (DI). At 120 min after the start of infusion, arginine vasopressin (AVP) was injected intramuscularly. Urine was collected in 30 min fractions before and after AVP administration. 2. The urinary excretions of kallikrein-like activity (KAL-A) (S-2266 hydrolysis activity) and immunoreactive kinins (i-kinins) were significantly lower in patients with DI than in normal subjects before AVP administration, while there were no differences in plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone concentration, creatinine clearance and blood pressure between the two groups, except for a marked water diuresis in patients with DI. The urinary excretion of KAL-A and i-kinins correlated positively with the urinary excretion of AVP. 3. AVP administration increased both plasma AVP and urinary excretion of AVP to similar levels in both groups. As a result, urine volume decreased to a greater degree in patients with DI than in normal subjects. In contrast, the urinary excretions of KAL-A and i-kinins were increased by AVP administration, with a greater response in normal subjects than in the patients with DI. 4. After overnight fasting, acute water loading was carried out orally for 15 min in six normal subjects. At 30 min plasma AVP was suppressed by water loading to almost the basal level found in patients with DI. Urinary excretions of KAL-A and i-kinins in the first 30 min fraction after loading were also suppressed to the basal level in patients with DI. Later, the urinary excretion of KAL-A increased together with the increase in urine flow. Urine volume and free water clearance markedly increased except in the first 30 min fraction, compared with the control period. 5. Thus it is suggested that AVP is one of the factors regulating the renal kallikrein-kinin system in man, although it seems likely that urine flow is still a major factor in urinary kallikrein-kinin excretion.

Postural Fluid Retention in Patients with Idiopathic Oedema: Lack of Relationship to the Phase of the Menstrual Cycle

1975 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. M. Edwards ◽  
R. I. S. Bayliss
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Upright Position ◽  
Fluid Retention ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Urinary Flow ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Electrolyte Excretion ◽  
Post Menopausal

1. Water and electrolyte excretion was measured in the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in seven patients with idiopathic oedema and in four post-menopausal patients with this condition. 2. In contrast to previous findings in healthy women, the reduction in urinary flow and sodium excretion on being tilted to the upright position was not significantly different in the follicular and luteal phases in pre-menopausal patients and there were no significant differences between pre- and post-menopausal patients. 3. The percentage increase in packed cell volume on standing was significantly greater in patients with idiopathic oedema than in normal subjects in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. 4. It is postulated that the enhanced retention of electrolytes and water in response to tilting in patients with idiopathic oedema is a compensatory mechanism for the decreased effective blood volume at that time.

The Antidiuretic Effect of Chronic Hydrochlorothiazide Treatment in Rats with Diabetes Insipidus: Renal Mechanisms

1982 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Shirley ◽  
S. J. Walter ◽  
J. F. Laycock
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Acute Response ◽  
Proximal Tubular ◽  
Hereditary Diabetes ◽  
Proximal Tubular Function ◽  
Excretion Rates ◽  
Hereditary Diabetes Insipidus

1. Brattleboro rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus were maintained in metabolism cages for 12–14 days. During the final 5–7 days hydrochlorothiazide was added to the food of half the animals, resulting in a sustained antidiuresis. At the end of this time all rats were anaesthetized and their renal function was investigated. 2. Water, sodium and potassium excretion rates during anaesthesia were similar to their respective values during the final period in metabolism cages. 3. Total glomerular filtration rate and superficial nephron filtration rate were similar in untreated and thiazide-treated animals. Fractional fluid reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubules, as measured by tubular fluid/plasma inulin concentration ratios in late surface convolutions, was moderately increased in the thiazide-treated rats, and was associated with a small reduction in the volume of fluid delivered to more distal nephron segments. 4. The osmolality of renal papillary interstitial fluid from thiazide-treated rats was considerably greater than that from untreated animals. There was also a small increase in papillary fluid sodium concentration. 5. It is concluded that the mechanism of the sustained antidiuresis during chronic hydrochlorothiazide administration in diabetes insipidus differs from that of the acute response. The changes in proximal tubular function during chronic thiazide treatment only partially account for the reduction in urine volume; it seems probable that the raised papillary osmolality, by enhancing water reabsorption at sites beyond the proximal tubule, makes a greater contribution to the antidiuresis.

scholarly journals Estimates of Sodium and Potassium intake and their molar ratio in Irish children: Preliminary findings from NCFSII

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eoin Morrissey ◽  
Laura Kehoe ◽  
Aoibhin Moore Heslin ◽  
Maria Buffini ◽  
Breige McNulty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Later Life ◽  
World Health ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Intake Ratio

AbstractThe Food Safety Authority of Ireland (FSAI) have set target maximum daily salt intakes for children (4–6y: 3 g, 7–10y: 5 g, 11–14y: 6g) while the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) have set Adequate Intakes (AI) for potassium of 1100mg/d, 1800mg/d and 2700mg/d for children of the same respective age groups. An individual's sodium to potassium (Na:K) intake ratio is an important predictor of hypertension and the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend a Na:K intake ratio of ≤ 1.0mmol/mmol for both adults and children. Although the morbidities associated with hypertension may not be seen until adulthood, blood pressure in childhood has a significant association with blood pressure in adulthood. Therefore, estimation of Na:K intake ratios (best measured by urinary excretion) in children may predict their susceptibility to hypertension related diseases in later life. The aim of this study was to estimate sodium and potassium intake and mean molar Na:K intake ratio of Irish children and to assess compliance with dietary guidance.Morning spot urine samples were collected for 572 children aged 5–12 years (95% of total sample) as part of the nationally representative Irish National Children's Food Survey II (2017–2018) (NCFSII; www.iuna.net). Samples were transported, processed and stored using best practice procedures. Urinary excretion of sodium and potassium were measured using a Randox RX Daytona and were corrected for gender and age-specific 24-hour urine volume estimations based on 24-hour urine volume estimates from Australian children. SPSS Version 25 was used for all analyses.Mean 24-hour urinary sodium excretion was 2018mg/d, equivalent to an average salt excretion of 5.0g/d exceeding the FSAI maximum target intake for all age groups except 11–12 year olds. Mean 24-hour urinary potassium excretion was 1411mg/d with mean intakes below the AI from EFSA for all age groups with the exception of 5–6 year olds. The mean molar Na:K ratio of Irish children was 2.8 for boys and 3.4 for girls. Only 5% of Irish children met the WHO recommendation for a Na:K ratio of ≤ 1.0mmol/mmol.High intakes of sodium and low intakes of potassium reported in this study result in a low compliance with the WHO recommendation of a Na:K ratio ≤ 1.0mmol/mmol. This may lead to a higher risk of hypertension and related morbidities in later life. Based on these findings, dietary interventions to combat hypertension related diseases (such as lowering sodium and increasing potassium intakes) should be implemented from childhood.

scholarly journals Renal effects of the serine protease inhibitor aprotinin in healthy conscious mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Wörner ◽  
Bernhard N. Bohnert ◽  
Matthias Wörn ◽  
Mengyun Xiao ◽  
Andrea Janessa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Serine Protease ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Serine Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Tubular Function ◽  
Proteolytic Activation ◽  
Salt Diet ◽  
Low Salt ◽  
Proximal Tubular ◽  
Proximal Tubular Function

AbstractTreatment with aprotinin, a broad-spectrum serine protease inhibitor with a molecular weight of 6512 Da, was associated with acute kidney injury, which was one of the reasons for withdrawal from the market in 2007. Inhibition of renal serine proteases regulating the epithelial sodium channel ENaC could be a possible mechanism. Herein, we studied the effect of aprotinin in wild-type 129S1/SvImJ mice on sodium handling, tubular function, and integrity under a control and low-salt diet. Mice were studied in metabolic cages, and aprotinin was delivered by subcutaneously implanted sustained release pellets (2 mg/day over 10 days). Mean urinary aprotinin concentration ranged between 642 ± 135 (day 2) and 127 ± 16 (day 8) µg/mL . Aprotinin caused impaired sodium preservation under a low-salt diet while stimulating excessive hyperaldosteronism and unexpectedly, proteolytic activation of ENaC. Aprotinin inhibited proximal tubular function leading to glucosuria and proteinuria. Plasma urea and cystatin C concentration increased significantly under aprotinin treatment. Kidney tissues from aprotinin-treated mice showed accumulation of intracellular aprotinin and expression of the kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1). In electron microscopy, electron-dense deposits were observed. There was no evidence for kidney injury in mice treated with a lower aprotinin dose (0.5 mg/day). In conclusion, high doses of aprotinin exert nephrotoxic effects by accumulation in the tubular system of healthy mice, leading to inhibition of proximal tubular function and counterregulatory stimulation of ENaC-mediated sodium transport.

Urinary melatonin, LH, oestradiol, progesterone excretion during the menstrual cycle or in women taking oral contraceptives

1987 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyne Brun ◽  
Bruno Claustrat ◽  
Michel David
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Normal Women

Abstract. Nocturnal urinary excretion of melatonin, LH, progesterone and oestradiol was measured by radioimmunoassay in nine normal women during a complete cycle. In addition, these hormonal excretions were studied in two women taking an oral contraceptive. A high within-subject coefficient of variation was observed for melatonin excretion in the two groups. In the nine normal cycling women, melatonin excretion was not decreased at the time of ovulation, but was significantly increased during the luteal phase compared with that of the follicular phase (P < 0.01). These data are consistent with a positive relationship between melatonin and progesterone during the luteal phase. In the two women under an oral contraceptive, melatonin excretion was found within the same range as for the other nine. The results are discussed in terms of pineal investigation in human.

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