PREVENTIVE AND CURATIVE ASPECT OF DHUMNASYA (NASAL INSUFFLATION OF MEDICATED SMOKE)

Background- Panchkarma is a group of procedures known for its preventive, promotive, prophylactic and rejuve- nating properties as well as radicle cure. Nasya is one of the Panchkarma treatments. Among the various forms of Nasya, Dhumnasya is a very effective type of Nasya which has further been classified into different types based on various potency of herbs with their respective properties. Aim and Objective: To find out the role of Dhumnasya in the preventive and curative aspects. Material and Methods: Classics of Ayurveda having references regarding Nasya, Modern literature, published articles in peer-reviewed journals, published books and subject-related material available online have been screened, compiled, organized and described systematically. Result: In Dhumnasya medicinal herbs with other constituents are burnt in such an effective manner to produce a medicated fume contain- ing volatile phytochemical of herbs, which when inhaled through nasal route exerts their efficient role in both pre- vention and treatment of various forms of disease both at a local and systemic level. Conclusion: In this review article, it has been tried to focus on the preventive and curative aspect of Dhumnasya so to help to address issues related to poor bioavailability, slow absorption, drug degradation and adverse event in the GIT tract and avoid the first-pass metabolism in the liver and discover the advantage of smoke based therapies as rapid delivery to the brain, more efficient pulmonary absorption and become the suitable substitute for the oral and parental administration. Keywords: Panchkarma, Dhumnasya, Nasya, Medicated smoke.

In vitro , in vivo , and ADME evaluation of SF 5 -containing N,N’ -diarylureas as antischistosomal agents

In recent years, N,N’ -diarylureas have emerged as a promising chemotype for the treatment of schistosomiasis, a disease that poses a considerable health burden to millions of people worldwide. Here, we report a novel series of N,N’ -diarylureas featuring the scarcely explored pentafluorosulfanyl group. Low IC 50 values for Schistosoma mansoni newly transformed schistosomula (0.6 – 7.7 μM) and adult worms (0.1 – 1.6 μM) were observed. Four selected compounds, highly active in presence of albumin (>70% at 10 μM), endowed with decent cytotoxicity profile (SI against L6 cells >8.5) and good microsomal hepatic stability (>62.5% of drug remaining after 60 min), were tested in S. mansoni infected mice. Despite the promising in vitro worm killing potency, none of them showed significant activity in vivo . Pharmacokinetic data showed a slow absorption, with maximal drug concentrations reached after 24 h of exposure. Finally, no direct correlation between drug exposure and in vivo activity was found. Thus, further investigations are needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms of SF 5 -containing N,N’ -diarylureas.

Analysis of North Sulawesi’s Beef Cattle Farming Empowerment Strategy with Websites

The production of beef cattle farming enterprises in North Sulawesi has not been able to meet people consumption needs. This condition is due to their slow absorption of breeding technology information among farmers, while the existing internet technology is merely used for entertainment needs. This research paper is to encourage the formation of an empowering model for beef cattle farmers in rural areas using websites. The findings suggested that the design model should be based upon farmer’s capabilities and existence of farmers, since they have adequate information about websites as outreach media needed for farmer empowerment.

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF PURVA KARMA PRIOR TO NASYA W.S.R. SNEHA NASYA

Ayurveda Panchakarmas are an all-time big name for both Ayurveda doctors and patients. Their efficacy of targeting the body holistically and evacuating toxins, thereby, addressing most of the problems of an individual makes it a hit. This paper aims at estimating the contribution of Purva Karma (procedures prior to instillation of medicine) in the outcome, especially in the context of Sneha Nasya (instillation of unctuous medicine). Nasal route of administration may help address the hitches accompanying to poor bioavailability, slow absorption, drug degradation, and possible adverse events in the gastro intestinal tract and avoids the first-pass metabolism in the liver. However, when considering nasal delivery, appropriate measures need to be taken to address the limitations of drug delivery in this region. Purva Karma starts with drug preparation and ends with stage of instillation of medicine (8 check points). The role of each of them on overcoming the limitations and delivering the results is reviewed.

Improved kinetic behaviour of Mg(NH2)2-2LiH doped with nanostructured K-modified-LixTiyOz for hydrogen storage

The system Mg(NH2)2 + 2LiH is considered as an interesting solid-state hydrogen storage material owing to its low thermodynamic stability of ca. 40 kJ/mol H2 and high gravimetric hydrogen capacity of 5.6 wt.%. However, high kinetic barriers lead to slow absorption/desorption rates even at relatively high temperatures (>180 °C). In this work, we investigate the effects of the addition of K-modified LixTiyOz on the absorption/desorption behaviour of the Mg(NH2)2 + 2LiH system. In comparison with the pristine Mg(NH2)2 + 2LiH, the system containing a tiny amount of nanostructured K-modified LixTiyOz shows enhanced absorption/desorption behaviour. The doped material presents a sensibly reduced (∼30 °C) desorption onset temperature, notably shorter hydrogen absorption/desorption times and reversible hydrogen capacity of about 3 wt.% H2 upon cycling. Studies on the absorption/desorption processes and micro/nanostructural characterizations of the Mg(NH2)2 + 2LiH + K-modified LixTiyOz system hint to the fact that the presence of in situ formed nanostructure K2TiO3 is the main responsible for the observed improved kinetic behaviour.

Formulation and evaluation of effervescent tablets: a review

Oral dosage forms are the most popular way of taking medication, despite having some disadvantages compared with other methods like risk of slow absorption of the medicament, which can be overcome by administering the drug in liquid form, therefore, possibly allowing the use of a lower dosage. However, instability of many drugs in liquid dosage form limits its use. Effervescent technique can be used as alternate to develop a dosage form which can accelerate drug disintegration and dissolution, is usually applied in quick release preparations. Along with the development of new pharmaceutical technique, effervescent tablet are more and more extensively to adjust the behaviour of drug release, such as in sustained and controlled release preparations, pulsatile drug delivery systems, and so on. This review demonstrated the new applying of effervescent technique in effervescent tablets. Keywords: Effervescent Tablet, Sustained release, Floating Delivery System

Heterogeneous OH oxidation of secondary brown carbon aerosol

Light-absorbing organic aerosol, or brown carbon (BrC), has significant but poorly-constrained effects on climate; for example, oxidation in the atmosphere may alter its optical properties, leading to absorption enhancement or bleaching. Here, we investigate for the first time the effects of heterogeneous OH oxidation on the optical properties of a laboratory surrogate of secondary BrC in a series of photo-oxidation chamber experiments. The BrC surrogate was generated from aqueous resorcinol, or 1,3-dihydroxybenzene, and H2O2 exposed to > 300 nm radiation, atomized, passed through trace gas denuders, and injected into the chamber, which was conditioned to either 15 or 60 % relative humidity (RH). Aerosol absorption and scattering coefficients and single scattering albedo (SSA) at 405 nm were measured using a photo-acoustic spectrometer. At 60 % RH, upon OH exposure, absorption first increased, and the SSA decreased sharply. Subsequently, absorption decreased faster than scattering, and SSA increased gradually. Comparisons to the modelled trend in SSA, based on Mie theory calculations, confirm that the observed trend is due to chemical evolution, rather than slight changes in particle size. The initial absorption enhancement is likely due to molecular functionalization and/or oligomerization, and the bleaching to fragmentation. By contrast, at 15 % RH, slow absorption enhancement was observed, without appreciable bleaching. A multi-layer kinetics model, consisting of two surface reactions in series, was constructed to provide further insights regarding the RH-dependence of the optical evolution. Candidate parameters suggest that the oxidation is efficient, with uptake coefficients on the order of unity, and the aerosol is very viscous, even at 60 % RH. At 15 % RH, the aerosol will be viscous enough to confine products of fragmentation, leading to their recombination, such that little bleaching is observed on the experimental timescale. These results further the current understanding of the complex processing of BrC that may occur in the atmosphere.

Auricular pavilion arteriography in cattle

Although bovine auricular pavilion has been considered to have large surface vessels, descriptions of its vascularization are scarce. Notwithstanding this region has been used as an alternative route of administration of drugs. With help of an Anatomical specimen, arteriography and dissection have revealed a vast vascular network in the auricle. In this sense, once considered, this knowledge is capable of minimizing prospective complications from the unsuitable use of this region for therapeutic and anesthetic procedures. This study aimed to standardize and describe the arteriography of bovine auricular pavilion in order to acquire a greater knowledge about the local vasculature. Five steers, about one-year-old and weighing about 200 kg, were used, among which three Holstein x Gir crossbred and two Gir purebred. None had lesions in the ear. Of these, two animals were submitted to the standardization of procedures for arteriographies; two others underwent the examination itself. Another bovine, from necroscopy, was subjected to dissection of the ear. The arteriographic images and anatomic dissection pictures were compared to describe anatomical relationships. Arteriography enabled the visualization of lateral, lateral intermediate, intermediate, medial intermediate auricular branches, as well as the medial auricular branch. Conversely, the dissection of the superficial cervicoauricular muscle, between the auricular pavilion and the cornual process base, indicated a poor subcutaneous vascularization of this region, contrasting the rich vascularization near the auricular pavilion. The auricular pavilion arteriography identified a complex vascular network, which in terms of a practical application precludes the administration of slow-absorption drugs in this area. Nevertheless, the dissection images showed the poor subcutaneous vascularization of superficial cervicoauricular muscle surrounding area, making this site more favorable for the administration of long-acting substances.

Plasma profile of cimicoxib in sheep after oral administration at two different rates

Sheep are often subjected to painful procedures and thus they need to be treated with analgesics. Nevertheless, knowledges about pharmacokinetic features of these drugs in this species are poor. The aim of this study was to evaluate plasma behaviour of cimicoxib in sheep after a single oral administration at two different dose rates (4 and 6 mg/kg). Maximum plasma concentrations of cimicoxib were equal to 273.78 (median value; range 189.00-567.32) and 565.01 (range 308.27-822.59) ng/mL after treatment with 4 and 6 mg/kg, respectively. The time of maximum concentration (Tmax) was achieved between 4 and 10 hours following treatment at the lower dose, and between 6 and 10 hours after the administration of the higher dose, with one sheep achieving the concentration peak at 0.75 hours. The slow absorption and the great individual variability in plasma concentration, probably due to ruminal effects, suggest that cimicoxib is not suitable for oral treatment in sheep.