The Pattern of Venous Drainage of Surgically Created Side-to-Side Arteriovenous Fistulae in the Human Forearm

1. The forearm and hand circulation in nine patients with a surgically created side-to-side fistula between the radial artery and a nearby superficial vein in the lower forearm has been investigated. 2. Dilated veins on the dorsum of the hand communicated with the fistula without intervening valvular obstruction. Skin temperature of both forearm and hand was greater on the side with the fistula in all cases. 3. Inflation of an occlusion cuff distal to the fistula markedly reduced apparent fistular flow. 4. It is concluded that the fistulae result in increased blood flow to the hand by retrograde flow from the fistula into the hand veins. Hand as well as forearm must be included in the plethysmographic measurement of blood flow in such cases.

Download Full-text

Thermography as a Means of Blood Perfusion Measurement

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.3426253 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 101 (4) ◽

pp. 246-249 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

J. E. Francis ◽

R. Roggli ◽

T. J. Love ◽

C. P. Robinson

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Skin Temperature ◽

Strain Gage ◽

Infrared Camera ◽

Blood Perfusion ◽

The Body ◽

Perfusion Rate ◽

Perfusion Measurement ◽

Blood Perfusion Rate ◽

Human Forearm

The scanning infrared camera has been used to verify an analytical model relating blood perfusion rate to skin temperature. The blood perfusion rates were measured with both the mercury strain gage and the volume plethysmograph on the human forearm. Thermograms were taken of the forearm and temperature measured using an optical densitometer. Comparison of the volume plethysmograph with the strain gage, and the thermograms with the strain gage indicate thermography to be a useful means of measuring blood flow. Thermography has the advantages of being noninvasive and can be used to measure blood perfusion in parts of the body not easily monitored with occlusive techniques.

Download Full-text

The effect of the application of an arterial occlusion cuff to the wrist on the blood flow in the human forearm

The Journal of Physiology ◽

10.1113/jphysiol.1949.sp004348 ◽

1949 ◽

Vol 108 (4) ◽

pp. 451-457 ◽

Cited By ~ 91

Author(s):

D. McK. Kerslake

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Arterial Occlusion ◽

Human Forearm ◽

Occlusion Cuff

Download Full-text

The Osteocutaneous Pedicle Forearm Flap

Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) ◽

10.1016/0266-7681_85_90010-5 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 179-182

Author(s):

IVAN MATEV

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Radial Artery ◽

Venous Return ◽

Skin Flap ◽

Island Flap ◽

Superficial Vein ◽

Vascular Pedicle ◽

Venous Flow ◽

Forearm Flap ◽

Retrograde Blood Flow

Two patients treated by an osteocutaneous radial island flap with retrograde blood flow are described. Rotation of the flap and its distal vascular pedicle by nearly 180 degrees caused no impairment of the arterial flow, but it may interfere with the venous return through the radial veins, as observed in one of our cases. Therefore, it is safer to include in the skin flap an additional vein, suturing it to a superficial vein in the recipient zone, thus ensuring normal venous flow to the flap as well. The purpose of this paper is to present two patients treated by the use of an osteocutaneous radial artery forearm flap.

Download Full-text

Venous emptying mediates a transient vasodilation in the human forearm

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.2000.279.3.h1007 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 279 (3) ◽

pp. H1007-H1014 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

M. E. Tschakovsky ◽

R. L. Hughson

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Venous Drainage ◽

Rapid Reduction ◽

Brachial Artery Diameter ◽

Pressure Cuff ◽

Human Forearm ◽

Arterial Inflow ◽

Venous Volume ◽

Arm Elevation

We tested the hypothesis that venous emptying serves as a stimulus for vasodilation in the human forearm. We compared the forearm blood flow (FBF; pulsed Doppler mean blood velocity and echo Doppler brachial artery diameter) response to temporary elevation of a resting forearm from below to above heart level when venous volume was allowed to drain versus when venous drainage was prevented by inflation of an upper arm cuff to ∼30 mmHg. Arm elevation resulted in a rapid reduction in venous volume and pressure. Cuff inflation just before elevation effectively prevented these changes. FBF was briefly reduced by ∼16% following arm elevation. A transient (86%) increase in blood flow began by ∼5 s of arm elevation and peaked by 8 s, indicating a vasodilation. This response was completely abolished by preventing venous emptying. Arterial inflow below heart level was markedly elevated by 343% following brief (4 s) forearm elevation. This hyperemia was minor when venous emptying during forearm elevation had been prevented. We conclude that venous emptying serves as a stimulus for a transient (within 10 s) vasodilation in vivo. This vasodilation can substantially elevate arterial inflow.

Download Full-text

Diastolic pressure and peripheral resistance during stellate ganglion stimulation

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1963.204.1.71 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 204 (1) ◽

pp. 71-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Edward D. Freis ◽

Jay N. Cohn ◽

Thomas E. Liptak ◽

Aristide G. B. Kovach

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Blood Flow ◽

Cardiac Output ◽

Total Peripheral Resistance ◽

Diastolic Pressure ◽

Stellate Ganglion ◽

Peripheral Resistance ◽

Resistance Vessels ◽

Left Stellate Ganglion ◽

Increased Blood Flow

The mechanism of the diastolic pressure elevation occurring during left stellate ganglion stimulation was investigated. The cardiac output rose considerably, the heart rate remained essentially unchanged, and the total peripheral resistance fell moderately. The diastolic rise appeared to be due to increased blood flow rather than to any active changes in resistance vessels.

Download Full-text

Mammary Blood Flow and Venous Drainage in Cows

Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica ◽

10.1186/bf03547479 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 179-187

Author(s):

Per Kjœrsgaard

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Venous Drainage

Download Full-text

The Natural History of Cerebral Dural Arteriovenous Fistulae

Neurosurgery ◽

10.1227/neu.0b013e31825eabdb ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 71 (3) ◽

pp. 594-603 ◽

Cited By ~ 94

Author(s):

Bradley A. Gross ◽

Rose Du

Keyword(s):

Natural History ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Venous Drainage ◽

Type I ◽

Type Ii ◽

Arteriovenous Fistulae ◽

Type Iii ◽

History Of ◽

Venous Ectasia ◽

Cortical Venous Drainage

Abstract BACKGROUND: Hemorrhage from cerebral dural arteriovenous fistulae (dAVF) is a considerable source of neurological morbidity and even mortality. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the natural history of cerebral dAVF. METHODS: We reviewed our own cohort of 70 dAVF and incorporated results from the literature, synthesizing pooled hemorrhage rates and evaluating risk factors for 395 dAVF in 6 studies. RESULTS: No hemorrhages occurred during 409 lesion-years of follow-up of Borden type I dAVF; however, cortical venous drainage developed in 1.4%. Like type I dAVF, type II dAVF demonstrated a female predilection and were most commonly transverse-sigmoid or cavernous. Eighteen percent of type II dAVF presented with hemorrhage (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8%-36%), and the annual hemorrhage rate was 6% (95% CI: 0.1%-19%). Borden type III dAVF demonstrated a male predilection and were most commonly tentorial or petrosal. Thirty-four percent presented with hemorrhage (95% CI: 0.4%-49%), with an annual hemorrhage rate of 10% (95% CI: 4%-20%), increasing to 21% for those with venous ectasia (95% CI: 4%-66%). The hemorrhage rate decreased to 2% for asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic type II or III dAVF (95% CI: 0.2%-8%), and increased to 10% for those presenting with nonhemorrhagic neurological deficits (95% CI: 0.9%-41%) and to 46% for those presenting with hemorrhage (95% CI: 11%-130%). CONCLUSION: Venous ectasia is a significant risk factor for hemorrhage among dAVF with cortical venous drainage. In addition, those with hemorrhagic presentation, even compared with nonhemorrhagic neurological deficit presentation, as well as Borden type III dAVF compared with type II dAVF demonstrated a trend toward greater hemorrhage rates.

Download Full-text