Proximal and Distal Tubular Reabsorption during Isotonic Volume Expansion in Patients with Essential Hypertension as Estimated by Means of Combined Lithium and 51Cr-Labelled EDTA Clearance

1982 ◽  
Vol 63 (s8) ◽  
pp. 219s-221s ◽  
Author(s):  
N.-H. Holstein-Rathlou ◽  
U. G. Svendsen ◽  
P. P. Leyssac
Keyword(s):  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Tubular Reabsorption ◽  
Sodium Reabsorption ◽  
Absolute Rate ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Volume Load ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Normotensive Subjects ◽  
Normotensive Control

1. Ten patients with essential hypertension and ten normotensive control subjects were investigated before and after an isotonic volume load. 2. The increases in the clearances of lithium and of sodium were greater in the hypertensive than in the normotensive subjects (P < 0.05). The fractional increases showed a positive correlation (rs = 0.68, P < 0.05) in the hypertensive patients. 3. An increase in glomerular filtration rate in the hypertensive patients correlated positively with the increase in proximal output (rs = 0.70, P < 0.05), but did not correlate with the change in sodium excretion. 4. The exaggerated natriuresis was accompanied by a significant rise in the absolute rate of sodium reabsorption in the distal segments, but distal fractional reabsorption decreased. 5. It is concluded that the exaggerated natriuresis can be accounted for by an increase in the proximal output of sodium and water.

Significance of Increase in Labelled Albumin Disappearance Rate in Arterial Hypertension

1976 ◽  
Vol 51 (s3) ◽  
pp. 211s-213s
Author(s):  
M. Ulrych ◽  
Z. Ulrych
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Disappearance Rate ◽  
Reference Standard ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Volume Blood ◽  
Normotensive Subjects ◽  
Normotensive Control

1. Relationships between labelled albumin disappearance rate (LADR), plasma volume, blood volume, plasma renin activity (PRA) and blood pressure (BP) were studied in normotensive control subjects and patients with hypertension of different aetiology and severity. In essential hypertensive patients without complications an inverse linear relationship was found between blood pressure and plasma or blood volume. 2. Very close inverse correlations were found between LADR and PRA in both normotensive subjects and patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. LADR appears to be an excellent reference standard for PRA. 3. It is postulated that LADR mainly reflects the relation between circulating fluid and vascular capacitance tone. LADR is increased in hypertension and blood volume may still be inappropriately high.

Intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ Activities in Essential Hypertension

1982 ◽  
Vol 63 (s8) ◽  
pp. 41s-43s ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Zidek ◽  
H. Vetter ◽  
K.-G. Dorst ◽  
H. Zumkley ◽  
H. Losse
Keyword(s):  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Family History ◽  
Secondary Hypertension ◽  
Genetic Trait ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Intracellular Na Activity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Family History Of Hypertension ◽  
Normotensive Subjects

1. The intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ activity and Na+ concentration were measured in erythrocytes of normotensive subjects, with and without a familial disposition to hypertension, in essential hypertensive patients with and without a family history of hypertension, and in patients with secondary hypertension. 2. In normotensive subjects without a genetic trait of hypertension intracellular Na+ activity and concentration were 7.00 ± 1.38 mmol/l and 5.67 ± 0.95 mmol/l respectively. The intracellular Ca2+ activity was 4.82 ± 4.49 μmol/l. In normotensive subjects with a familial hypertensive disposition intracellular Na+ activity and concentration were 9.74 ± 1.43 mmol/l (P < 0.01) and 6.63 ± 0.88 mmol/l (P < 0.05). Intracellular Ca2+ was 9.59 ± 9.71 μmol/l (P < 0.05). 3. Essential hypertensive patients without a familial genetic trait had an elevated intracellular Na+ activity (8.35 ± 2.08 mmol/l, P < 0.05). Intracellular Na+ concentration was 6.64 ± 0.79 mmol/l (P < 0.05). The intracellular Ca2+ activity was markedly elevated to 25.33 ± 19.03 μmol/l (P < 0.01). The essential hypertensive patients with a familial disposition had an elevated intracellular Na+ activity (17.19 ± 4.37 mmol/l, P < 0.001) and Ca2+ activity (32.8 ± 32.51 μmol/l, P < 0.01). The intracellular Na+ concentration was 6.25 ± 1.23 mmol/l. 4. The results indicate that in essential hypertension intracellular Na+ activity is increased, particularly in patients with a familial disposition for hypertension. Intracellular Ca2+ is increased in essential hypertension whether or not there was a family disposition to hypertension.

Relation of Plasma Noradrenaline to Blood Pressure, Age, Sex and Sodium Balance in Patients with Stable Essential Hypertension and in Normotensive Subjects

1978 ◽  
Vol 55 (s4) ◽  
pp. 81s-83s ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Brecht ◽  
W. Schoeppe
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Plasma Noradrenaline ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Creatinine Ratio ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Normotensive Subjects ◽  
Normotensive Control

1. Plasma noradrenaline was measured in 125 patients with stable essential hypertension (WHO I—II) and in 107 normotensive control subjects lying and standing. 2. In normotensive subjects and in patients with essential hypertension no sex-related differences of plasma noradrenaline were found between age-matched groups. 3. Plasma noradrenaline was not related to sodium balance indexed by urinary sodium/creatinine ratio. 4. In patients with essential hypertension plasma noradrenaline increases with age. 5. Mean plasma noradrenaline concentrations are significantly higher in patients with essential hypertension compared with age-matched normotensive subjects both lying and standing. 6. In patients with essential hypertension diastolic blood pressure and heart rate correlated significantly with supine plasma noradrenaline concentrations.

Plasma Noradrenaline Concentration and α-Adrenoceptor-Mediated Vasoconstriction in Normotensive and Hypertensive Man

1981 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 483-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Kiowski ◽  
F. R. Bühler ◽  
P. Vanbrummelen ◽  
F. W. Amann
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Sympathetic Activity ◽  
Plasma Noradrenaline ◽  
Arterial Infusion ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Noradrenaline Concentration ◽  
Normotensive Subjects ◽  
Control Plasma

1. Plasma noradrenaline concentrations and blood pressure were measured in 45 patients with essential hypertension and 34 matched normotensive subjects. Plasma noradrenaline was similar in both groups, but in the hypertensive patients plasma noradrenaline correlated with blood pressure. 2. The increase in forearm flow in response to an intra-arterial infusion of phentolamine was determined in 12 of the hypertensive and 14 of the normotensive subjects to assess the α-adrenoceptor-mediated component of vascular resistance. Although the dilator response to phentolamine was similar in both groups, in the hypertensive patients it was correlated with the control plasma noradrenaline (r = 0.83, P<0.01) as well as the height of mean blood pressure (r = 0.73, P<0.01). 3. These results suggest that in hypertensive patients plasma noradrenaline can be a marker for both sympathetic activity and the α-adrenoceptor-mediated component of vascular resistance.

The Urinary Excretion of Catecholamines and Their Derivatives in Primary Hypertension in Man

1977 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Bing ◽  
J. Harlow ◽  
A. J. Smith ◽  
M. M. Townshend
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Catecholamine Excretion ◽  
Normotensive Subjects ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine Concentrations

1. The 24 h urinary excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline, normetadrenaline, metadrenaline and vanilloylmandelic acid has been compared in 17 male normotensive subjects and 25 age-matched male hypertensive patients studied under similar in-patient conditions. 2. 24 h urinary metadrenaline was significantly lower in the hypertensive patients. With this exception, no significant differences were found between the two groups when the total 24 h excretion of free catecholamines and their metabolites was analysed. 3. Diurnal variation in free catecholamine excretion was found in both normotensive and hypertensive subjects. There was no corresponding variation in metabolite excretion. 4. No correlation could be established between systolic or diastolic blood pressure and the amounts of the catecholamines or their metabolites in the urine of either group. 5. The results are considered in the light of recent work demonstrating high plasma catecholamine concentrations in hypertension. They lend no support to the concept that excessive circulating catecholamines are responsible for the elevated blood pressure in essential hypertension.

Plasma Renin in Long-Term Diuretic Treatment of Hypertension: Effect of Discontinuation and Restarting Therapy

1982 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Swart ◽  
R. F. Bing ◽  
J. D. Swales ◽  
H. Thurston
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Plasma Renin Activity ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Renin Activity ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Diuretic Treatment ◽  
Low Renin Hypertension ◽  
Before And After

1. Plasma renin activity, body weight and blood pressure were measured before and after 7 days' treatment with bendrofluazide in ten hypertensive subjects. They were then treated with bendrofluazide alone (5 mg daily) for a minimum of 3 years. The diuretic was then discontinued and the measurements were repeated before and again after 7 days with bendrofluazide. The results were compared with those obtained before chronic treatment with the diuretic. 2. Chronic diuretic treatment was associated with a persistent and progressive rise in plasma renin activity, that fell promptly to pretreatment levels when diuretics were discontinued. This was associated with significant weight gain but no immediate significant rise in blood pressure. 3. When acutely challenged with bendrofluazide the patients showed a greater increase in plasma renin activity on the second occasion than on the first. Three out of five patients with an initially subnormal response had normal responses after chronic diuretic treatment. 4. Chronic diuretic treatment increased the responsiveness of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in some hypertensive patients. 5. Classification of hypertensive patients into renin subgroups may be influenced by previous therapy, even when that therapy has been discontinued for 4 weeks. In particular ‘low renin hypertension’ may be masked by recent use of diuretics, as shown by three of the five patients in this subgroup in the present study.

Mechanisms of leucocyte sodium influx in essential hypertension

1988 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Ng ◽  
M. Harker ◽  
E. D. Abel
Keyword(s):  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Isotope Method ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Normotensive Subjects ◽  
22Na Uptake

1. Leucocyte Na+ influx in media containing 10 mmol/l Na+ was studied directly using a triple-isotope method for measuring initial 22Na uptake rates in 20 normal and 18 untreated hypertensive subjects. The effects of 1 mmol/l amiloride (a Na+-H+-antiport inhibitor) and 0.1 mmol/l bumetanide (a Na+, K+, Cl−-symport inhibitor) were also examined. 2. The total, amiloride-sensitive and bumetanide-sensitive influx rates were raised in hypertensive compared with normotensive subjects [median (range): total 0.63 (0.25–1.82) vs 0.40 (0.09–0.65) mmol min−1 l−1, P < 0.002; amiloride-sensitive 0.43 (0.18–1.56) vs 0.26 (0.04–0.48) mmol min−1 l−1, P < 0.002; bumetanide-sensitive 0.12 (−0.03 to 0.83) vs 0.02 (−0.25 to 0.21) mmol min−1 l−1, P < 0.005]. 3. We conclude that hypertensive patients have a raised leucocyte total Na+ influx when measured in media containing 10 mmol/l Na+ and that this is contributed mainly by amiloride-sensitive and bumetanide-sensitive Na+ influx mechanisms.

Effect of prednisone on digital vascular reactivity in normotensive and hypertensive subjects

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton Mendlowitz ◽  
Nosrat Naftchi ◽  
Herbert L. Weinreb ◽  
Stanley E. Gitlow
Keyword(s):  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Vascular Reactivity ◽  
Oral Prednisone ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Single Intravenous Injection ◽  
Hypertensive Group ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Group A ◽  
Normotensive Subjects

Reactivity to L-norepinephrine (NE) was studied in the digital circulation of normotensive and hypertensive subjects before and after the administration of glucocorticosteroids. After 1 week of oral prednisone administration (30 mg daily) NE reactivity was higher in some, but not all, the normotensive subjects and remained substantially unchanged in the hypertensive group. A single intravenous injection of prednisolone (100 mg) resulted in a moderate increase in NE reactivity in the normotensive but not in the hypertensive subjects. After 3 weeks of oral prednisone administration (30 mg daily), NE reactivity was doubled or trebled in most normotensive subjects but remained unchanged in the patients with essential hypertension. These observations suggest that the effect of glucocorticosteroids on NE reactivity in normotensive subjects is chemical and that this effect is absent or modified in patients with essential hypertension. Submitted on December 28, 1959

scholarly journals Effect of Antihypertensive Therapy on Blood Rheology in Patients with Essential Hypertension

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Sumino ◽  
M Nara ◽  
K Seki ◽  
T Takahashi ◽  
T Kanda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Blood Rheology ◽  
Passage Time ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Display Unit ◽  
Normotensive Subjects

Hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and antihypertensive drugs can decrease the occurrence of such events in hypertensive patients. This study compared the rheological properties of blood in 22 untreated hypertensive patients, 42 patients taking antihypertensive drugs and 74 normotensive subjects. Using a microchannel method, the whole blood passage time was measured and blood movement was observed with a microscope connected to an image display unit. The blood passage time in untreated hypertensive patients was significantly higher than in treated hypertensive patients or normotensive subjects, but was similar in the latter two groups. Microscopic observations showed that platelet aggregation and leucocyte adhesion were increased in untreated hypertensive patients, resulting in poor flow, while blood samples from treated hypertensive patients and normotensive subjects passed smoothly through the microchannels. These rheological differences could contribute to the decrease in cardiovascular disease seen when hypertensive patients are treated effectively.

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