Neuropeptide Y as a plasma marker for phaeochromocytoma, ganglioneuroblastoma and neuroblastoma

1. We investigated the usefulness of neuropeptide Y as a plasma marker for phaeochromocytoma, ganglioneuroblastoma and neuroblastoma using a simple and highly sensitive r.i.a. for human neuropeptide Y. 2. Plasma immunoreactive neuropeptide Y concentrations were measured without extraction in plasma samples (100 μl) from patients with various diseases. 3. The plasma immunoreactive neuropeptide Y concentration in patients with phaeochromocytoma (172.3 ± 132.4 pmol/l, mean ± sd, n = 23) was significantly higher than that in healthy adult subjects (40.1 ± 10.1 pmol/l, n = 40, P<0.0001). The plasma immunoreactive neuropeptide Y concentrations in patients with ganglioneuroblastoma (590.7 ± 563.6 pmol/l, n = 6) and patients with neuroblastoma (566.9 ± 524.4 pmol/l, n = 15) were significantly higher than those in control children (1–9 years old, 82.2 ± 39.9 pmol/l, n = 72, P<0.0001). 4. The plasma immunoreactive neuropeptide Y concentration in patients with essential hypertension (34.0 ± 3.7 pmol/l, n = 18) was within the normal range, but in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing maintenance haemodialysis (192.1 ± 68.0 pmol/l, n = 25) and in non-dialysed patients with chronic renal failure (85.1 ± 23.1 pmol/l, n = 7) it was significantly higher than that in healthy adult subjects (P<0.0001). 5. Eighty-seven per cent of the patients with phaeochromocytoma, 67% of the patients with ganglioneuroblastoma and 80% of the patients with neuroblastoma showed plasma immunoreactive neuropeptide Y concentrations higher than the upper limits in the control subjects [62 pmol/l (adult) and 160 pmol/l (children)]. 6. These results suggest that neuropeptide Y is a useful plasma marker for these tumours in addition to other factors unless the patients have renal failure.

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Dietary Management of Feline Chronic Renal Failure: Where are We Now? In What Direction are We Headed?

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.1053/jfms.2000.0077 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 75-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

D J Polzin ◽

C A Osborne ◽

S Ross ◽

F Jacob

Keyword(s):

Renal Failure ◽

Chronic Renal Failure ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Dietary Therapy ◽

Dietary Management ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Normal Range ◽

Limited Ability ◽

Diet Formulation ◽

Therapeutic Value

Dietary modification is of primary importance in managing cats with chronic renal failure. Diets designed for cats with chronic renal failure are typically formulated to be pH neutral and contain reduced quantities of protein, phosphorus and sodium and an increased quantity of potassium. These changes in diet formulation are designed to ameliorate clinical signs of renal failure by adapting dietary intakes to meet the limited ability of failing kidneys to adapt to the normal range of dietary intakes. Important recent clinical trials support the therapeutic value of dietary therapy in cats with chronic renal failure.

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Inhibitors of the Fibrinolytic Enzyme System in Renal Disease

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0390549 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 39 (5) ◽

pp. 549-557 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

N. B. Bennett ◽

D. Ogston

Keyword(s):

Renal Failure ◽

Chronic Renal Failure ◽

Renal Damage ◽

Enzyme System ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Plasminogen Activation ◽

Significant Elevation ◽

Normal Range ◽

Marked Inhibition ◽

Serum Inhibitor

1. Levels of serum inhibitor of plasminogen activation, anti-plasmin and plasminogen activator were measured in normal subjects and patients with active glomerulonephritis and chronic renal failure. 2. Patients with active glomerulonephritis all had grossly elevated levels of serum inhibitor of plasminogen activation and significant elevation of anti-plasmin. The majority of activator levels lay at the lower end of the normal range. 3. Patients with chronic renal failure had significantly elevated levels of serum inhibitor of plasminogen activation and anti-plasmin, but the changes were less marked than in those with active glomerulonephritis. Activator levels were consistently reduced. 4. The marked inhibition of fibrinolysis in active glomerulonephritis may be a factor in the persistence of glomerular fibrin and ultimately in perpetuation of renal damage. The changes in the fibrinolytic system in chronic renal failure may determine the development of the serosal exudates characteristic of that condition.

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Glucuronoconjugates in Chronic Renal Failure. Comparative Determination with Values in Healthy Adult

Biomaterials Artificial Cells and Artificial Organs ◽

10.3109/10731198709118519 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 191-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G. Le Moel ◽

S. Troupel ◽

J. Rottembourg ◽

M. Dolegeal ◽

K. Issak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Renal Failure ◽

Chronic Renal Failure ◽

Healthy Adult ◽

Comparative Determination

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Albumin Metabolism in Chronic Renal Failure

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0390423 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 423-435 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

G. A. Coles ◽

D. K. Peters ◽

J. Henry Jones

Keyword(s):

Renal Failure ◽

Chronic Renal Failure ◽

Mean Value ◽

Albumin Concentration ◽

Albumin Synthesis ◽

Plasma Albumin ◽

Maintenance Haemodialysis ◽

Degradation Rates ◽

Normal Mean ◽

Plasma Albumin Concentration

1. Plasma albumin concentration was measured in fifty-eight patients with chronic renal failure. The mean value was 3·27 g/100 ml (SD 0·44 g/100 ml; range 2·4–4·3 g/100 ml) which is significantly lower (P < 0·001) than normal (mean 3·94 g/100 ml; SD 0·23 g/100 ml; range 3·5–4·4 g/100 ml). In thirty-eight of the fifty-eight patients (65%), plasma albumin concentration was below the normal range. Treatment by maintenance haemodialysis or renal transplantation usually corrected the hypoalbuminaemia. 2. Radioactive iodine-labelled albumin turnover was investigated in twelve patients. Although plasma albumin concentration was reduced in eight of the twelve patients, the plasma half-life (T½) of the labelled albumin was normal or increased in all but one of these patients. Fractional and absolute albumin degradation rates (which include urinary albumin loss) were reduced in six of the twelve patients. In two of the four patients with normal plasma albumin concentrations the fractional albumin degradation rate was reduced. 3. Albumin synthesis was estimated by measuring the rate of incorporation into plasma proteins of 14C in two patients on a 20 g protein diet. The values were low in both. 4. Albumin catabolism and albumin synthesis were normal in two patients who had been on regular haemodialysis for 5 and 8 weeks respectively. 5. We conclude that these abnormalities in albumin metabolism were probably due to severe protein depletion, induced either by prolonged anorexia and vomiting or by deliberate restriction of protein in the diet in the course of treatment.

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Loss of Metacarpal and Iliac Bone in Chronic Renal Failure: Influence of Haemodialysis, Parathyroid Activity, Type of Renal Disease, Physical Activity and Heparin Consumption

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0560317 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 317-324 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

R. G. Henderson ◽

R. G. G. Russell ◽

M. J. Earnshaw ◽

J. G. G. Ledingham ◽

D. O. Oliver ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Renal Failure ◽

Chronic Renal Failure ◽

Bone Loss ◽

Renal Disease ◽

Dietary Calcium Intake ◽

Bone Area ◽

Maintenance Haemodialysis ◽

Bone Biopsies ◽

The Mean

1. Bone loss was assessed by measurement of cortical thickness of metacarpal bone by X-ray and of trabecular bone area in serial bone biopsies in 49 patients with chronic renal failure, six before and 45 during maintenance haemodialysis treatment. 2. Metacarpal cortical measurements (MCM) were very reproducible (coefficient of variation 1·95%), whereas bone area measurements by histology showed great variability. There was no correlation between rates of change of MCM and bone area over the same period, although both tended to fall with time. 3. The mean annual rate of bone loss measured by MCM for patients on dialysis was 2·08 ± 0·32 mm/year (mean ±1 sem) and this rate was not significantly different from the mean rate of loss of 2·49 ± 0·78 mm/year for the six patients who were not on maintenance haemodialysis. 61% of all patients showed a significant decrease during the period of study (1–6 years), but none had symptoms attributable to bone loss. 4. The loss tended to be greatest in women over the age of 40 years. The initial amount of bone and the rate of loss measured by MCM or bone histology were not influenced significantly by the presence or absence of histological or radiological evidence of parathyroid overactivity or of osteomalacia, nor by differences in the causes of renal disease. 5. Loss of metacarpal cortical bone correlated with heparin consumption during haemodialysis in men but not in women. The amount of bone and its rate of loss was not influenced by the presence of an arteriovenous shunt in one arm compared with the other. In neither sex did bone loss correlate with physical activity. 6. A relative deficiency of calcium due to a low dietary calcium intake and intestinal malabsorption of calcium, together with a dialysate calcium of only 1·5 mmol/l, may be more important causes of bone loss in patients in this study.

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