The renal protect function of erythropoietin after release of bilateral ureteral obstruction in a rat model

2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (18) ◽  
pp. 2071-2085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuan Chuan Ren ◽  
Wen Zhu ◽  
Qing Wei Wang ◽  
Yu Tao Lu ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Ureteral Obstruction ◽  
Urinary Tract Obstruction ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Fractional Excretion Of Sodium ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Oxide Synthase

Congenital urinary tract obstruction is one of the most frequent malformations in fetuses or neonates, which usually causes profound impairment of renal function including reductions in both glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and tubular handling of water and solutes. Although obstruction can be released by surgical operation, the child will suffer from diuresis for sometime. It has been reported that erythropoietin (EPO) could prevent the down-regulation of aquaporin-2 (AQP2) and urinary-concentrating defects induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, whether EPO could promote the recovery of renal function and AQP2 expression after releasing of ureteral obstruction has not been reported yet. The purposes of the present study were to investigate the effects of EPO on renal function and AQP2 expression after release of bilateral ureteral obstruction (BUO-R) in rats. The results showed that EPO could promote interleukin (IL) 10 (IL-10) expression; inhibit tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expressions; reduce the fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) and plasma creatinine (CREA) and urea; and promote the recovery of water and salt handling and AQP2 expression in BUO-R rats, especially in the high dose of EPO-treated group rats. In conclusion, EPO could promote the recovery of renal function and AQP2 expression in BUO-R rats, which may partially associate with its anti-inflammation effect.

scholarly journals Effect of high-dose fentanyl on renal function in dogs

1997 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 1433-1439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yara Marcondes Machado Castiglia ◽  
José Reinaldo Cerqueira Braz ◽  
Pedro Thadeu Galvão Vianna ◽  
Lino Lemonica ◽  
Luiz Antonio Vane
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Extracellular Volume ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Sodium Pentobarbital ◽  
Fluid Infusion ◽  
Fractional Excretion Of Sodium ◽  
Left Femoral Artery ◽  
Extracellular Volume Expansion

Our objective was to determine the effects of high-dose fentanyl on canine renal function (RF). We anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (SP) 16 dogs, randomly divided into 2 groups: in G1, SP was given alone, and in G2, combined with 0.05 mg.kg-1 fentanyl. All animals were ventilated artificially and had catheterized left and right femoral veins and left femoral artery for fluid infusion, drug administration, blood collection, and hemodynamic measurement. Urine was collected throughout the experiment. Attributes of RF were studied. SP did not alter RF, which was significantly altered by fentanyl. In G2, slower heart rates, mean arterial pressure, creatinine clearance, urinary output, osmolar clearance and fractional excretion of sodium and potassium were observed. G1 had a behavior attributed to extracellular volume expansion and no RF alterations. In G2, we observed significant decreases in RF due to opioid-induced hemodynamic changes, not discarding the possible action of aldosterone.

Assessment of Renal Function in Newborn Infants

1987 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
James E. Springate ◽  
Robert D. Fildes ◽  
Leonard G. Feld
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Obstruction ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Voiding Cystourethrogram ◽  
Creatinine Concentration ◽  
Fractional Excretion Of Sodium ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Radionuclide Scanning

Proper interpretation of renal function tests in newborn infants requires knowledge of conceptual age. A plasma creatinine concentration of 1.2 mg/dL, serum bicarbonate concentration of 16 mEq/L, and a fractional excretion of sodium of 5% is normal in a 2-week-old infant born at 28 weeks's gestational age but markedly abnormal in a 2-week-old baby born at term. Newborn infants with urinary tract infections need radiologic evaluation for vesicoureteral reflux and urinary tract obstruction using voiding cystourethrogram and renal sonography or radionuclide scanning. Intravenous pyebography is not the test of choice for this evaluation. If severe hypertension develops in a 1-week-old infant, seriously ill with respiratory distress syndrome, evaluation should include determination of the use of umbilical artery catheters and investigation for renal artery thrombosis with sonography and radionuclide scanning because renovascular disease is the major cause of hypertension in newborn infants.

Enhanced renal sensitivity of the spontaneously hypertensive rat to urotensin II

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (4) ◽  
pp. F1239-F1247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alaa E. S. Abdel-Razik ◽  
Richard J. Balment ◽  
Nick Ashton
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat ◽  
Renal Medulla ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Urotensin Ii ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Wky Rats ◽  
Hypertensive Rat ◽  
Fractional Excretion Of Sodium ◽  
Wistar Kyoto

Urotensin II (UII) has been implicated widely in cardiovascular disease. The mechanism(s) through which it contributes to elevated blood pressure is unknown, but its emerging role as a regulator of mammalian renal function suggests that the kidney might be involved. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of UII on renal function in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). UII infusion (6 pmol·min−1·100 g body wt−1) in anesthetized SHR and control Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats produced marked reductions in glomerular filtration rate (ΔGFR WKY, n = 7, −0.3 ± 0.1 vs. SHR, n = 7, −0.6 ± 0.1 ml·min−1·100 g body wt−1, P = 0.03), urine flow, and sodium excretion rates, which were greater in SHR by comparison with WKY rats. WKY rats also showed an increase in fractional excretion of sodium (ΔFENa; +0.6 ± 0.1%, P = 0.02) in contrast to SHR in which no such change was observed (ΔFENa −0.6 ± 0.2%). Blockade of the UII receptor (UT), and thus endogenous UII activity, with urantide evoked an increase in GFR which was greater in SHR (+0.3 ± 0.1) compared with WKY rats (+0.1 ± 0.1 ml·min−1·100 g body wt−1, P = 0.04) and was accompanied by a diuresis and natriuresis. UII and UT mRNA expression were greater in the renal medulla than the cortex of both strains; however, expression levels were up to threefold higher in SHR tissue. SHR are more sensitive than WKY to UII, which acts primarily to lower GFR thus favoring salt retention in this model of hypertension.

Clinical approach to the patient with acute kidney injury

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert Lameire ◽  
Raymond Vanholder ◽  
Wim Van Biesen
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Physical Examination ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Clinical Approach ◽  
Volume Depletion ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Fractional Excretion Of Sodium

The prognosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) depends on early diagnosis and therapy. A multitude of causes are classified according to their origin as prerenal, intrinsic (intrarenal), and post-renal.Prerenal AKI means a loss of renal function despite intact nephrons, for example, because of volume depletion and/or hypotension.There is a broad spectrum of intrinsic causes of AKI including acute tubular necrosis (ATN), interstitial nephritis, glomerulonephritis, and vasculitis. Evaluation includes careful review of the patient’s history, physical examination, urinalysis, selected urine chemistries, imaging of the urinary tree, and eventual kidney biopsy. The history should focus on the tempo of loss of function (if known), associated systemic diseases, and symptoms related to the urinary tract (especially those that suggest obstruction). In addition, a review of the medications looking for potentially nephrotoxic drugs is essential. The physical examination is directed towards the identification of findings of a systemic disease and a detailed assessment of the patient’s haemodynamic status. This latter goal may require invasive monitoring, especially in the oliguric patient with conflicting clinical findings, where the physical examination has limited accuracy.Excluding urinary tract obstruction is necessary in all cases and may be established easily by renal ultrasound.Distinction between the two most common causes of AKI (prerenal AKI and ATN) is sometimes difficult, especially because the clinical examination is often misleading in the setting of mild volume depletion or overload. Urinary chemistries, like calculation of the fractional excretion of sodium (FENa), may be used to help in this distinction. In contrast to FENa, the fractional excretion of urea has the advantage of being rather independent of diuretic therapy. Response to fluid repletion is still regarded as the gold standard in the differentiation between prerenal and intrinsic AKI. Return of renal function to baseline or resuming of diuresis within 24 to 72 hours is considered to indicate ‘transient, mostly prerenal AKI’, whereas persistent renal failure usually indicates intrinsic disease. Transient AKI may, however, also occur in short-lived ATN. Furthermore, rapid fluid application is contraindicated in a substantial number of patients, such as those with congestive heart failure.‘Muddy brown’ casts and/or tubular epithelial cell casts in the urine sediment are typically seen in patients with ATN. Their presence is an important tool in the distinction between ATN and prerenal AKI, which is characterized by a normal sediment, or by occasional hyaline casts. There is a possible role for new serum and/or urinary biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of the patient with AKI, including the differential diagnosis between pre-renal AKI and ATN. Further studies are needed before their routine determination can be recommended.When a diagnosis cannot be made with reasonable certainty through this evaluation, renal biopsy should be considered; when intrarenal causes such as crescentic glomerulonephritis or vasculitis are suspected, immediate biopsy to avoid delay in the initiation of therapy is mandatory.

ANF secretion and renal responses to volume expansion with equilibrated blood

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (5) ◽  
pp. F936-F943 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. V. Paul ◽  
T. Ferguson ◽  
L. G. Navar
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Blood Volume Expansion ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Fractional Excretion Of Sodium

To evaluate the role of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) in the renal response to acute blood volume expansion without hemodilution, a reservoir syringe filled with donor rat blood was connected to the femoral artery and vein of anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats to allow rapid equilibration of the reservoir with the intravascular blood. Volume expansion with blood from the reservoir in two steps (of 1 and 1.5% body wt, separated by 1 h, n = 5 rats) produced a mean peak increase in plasma immunoreactive ANF from 99 +/- 21 to 1,310 +/- 230 pg/ml (P less than 0.001); plasma ANF levels throughout these experiments correlated significantly with simultaneously measured urine flow (r = 0.74, P less than 0.005) and sodium excretion (r = 0.65, P less than 0.005). Another group (n = 7) underwent the same two-step procedure; after the second volume expansion, high-dose atriopeptin III infusion (0.4 microgram.kg-1.min-1 did not further increase fractional excretion of sodium (3.17 +/- 0.27 to 2.50 + 0.39%, P = NS). In another group (n = 9 rats), the same dose of atriopeptin III was started before any blood volume expansion. After the resulting hypotension was corrected by restoration of blood volume, an additional 1.5% body weight blood volume expansion did not further augment sodium excretion. We conclude that the diuresis and natriuresis, which occur in response to volume expansion without hemodilution, rise and fall in parallel with immunoreactive ANF in the plasma, and that ANF and acute blood volume expansion act on the kidney through a similar, saturable mechanism.

scholarly journals Interactions between nitric oxide and renal nerves on pressure-diuresis and natriuresis.

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1588-1595
Author(s):  
M I Madrid ◽  
M G Salom ◽  
J Tornel ◽  
E López ◽  
F J Fenoy
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Renal Denervation ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Renal Nerves ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Lower Baseline ◽  
Fractional Excretion Of Sodium ◽  
Natriuretic Effect ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Pressure Natriuresis

The present study examined the effect of renal denervation on the impairment of the pressure-diuresis response produced by nitric oxide synthesis blockade. The experiments were performed in Inactin-anesthetized Munich-Wistar rats. The animals with innervated kidneys had lower baseline values of renal blood flow, GFR, sodium excretion (UNaV), and urine flow (V) than rats with denervated kidneys. Also, renal denervation shifted pressure-diuresis and natriuresis toward lower pressures. A low dose of N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl esther (NAME, 3.7 nmol/kg per min) reduced UNaV and the fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) and blunted pressure-natriuresis only in rats with innervated kidneys, whereas it had no effects in rats with denervated kidneys. A medium dose of NAME (37 nmol/kg per min) lowered FENa only in rats with innervated kidneys. The administration of NAME (37 nmol/kg per min) blunted pressure-diuresis and natriuresis in kidneys with or without the renal nerves, but the effect was more pronounced in rats with innervated kidneys. A high dose of NAME (3.7 micromol + 185 nmol/kg per min) increased UNaV and FENa only in rats with innervated kidneys, whereas it reduced GFR, V, UnaV, and FENa in rats with denervated kidneys. However, pressure-natriuresis and diuresis were blunted by this high dose of NAME independently of the presence or absence of renal nerves. These results demonstrate that renal nerves potentiate the renal effects of low doses of NAME on renal function and pressure-diuresis and natriuresis. However, high doses of NAME abolish pressure-diuresis independently of renal nerves, and the natriuretic effect of NAME in innervated kidneys may be attributed to reflex inhibition of sympathetic tone due to the rise in arterial pressure.

scholarly journals Hacia el esclarecimiento del rol del anión cloruro en la hipertensión arterial: su vínculo con el daño oxidativo en el riñón

2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-106
Author(s):  
Nicolas M. Kouyoumdzian ◽  
Gabriel Kim ◽  
Gabriel D. Robbesaul ◽  
Paula D. Prince ◽  
Ana M. Puyó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Renal Cortex ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Fractional Excretion Of Sodium ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Gpx Activity

Introduction: The role of the chloride anion on the deleterious effects of excessive consumption of salt (NaCl) and whether its effects are independent each other of the presence of sodium remains to date, unknown and unclear. Objective: To demonstrate that both a chloride overload and a sodium overload in the diet produce deleterious effects, by different mechanisms, on systolic blood pressure (SBP), renal function and markers of oxidative stress in the kidney. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 8 / group) and fed with different diets for three weeks: C: control (standard diet), and diets: NaCl: hypersodic-hyperchloric; Na: hypersodic without chloride and Cl: hyperchloric without sodium. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and renal function were determined, and the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and the activity and expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymes were evaluated in renal cortex tissue. Results: SBP increased (*) in the two groups fed with chloride. The fractional excretion of sodium and chloride increased (*) in the NaCl and Na groups. increased (*) in the renal cortex with the three diets. No changes were observed in the activity and expression of SOD and CAT. GPx activity increased (*) in the two groups that received chloride; (* p <0.05 vs C). Conclusion: Both sodium and chloride overload are associated with a higher oxidative state characterized by an increase in lipid peroxidation in the renal cortex. However, compared with Na group, only chloride overload is associated with higher GPx activity and hypertension without any changes in urinary chloride excretion, suggesting a higher renal pro-oxidant state in this experimental group.

scholarly journals Individual and Combined Impact of Oxygen and Oxygen Transporter Supplementation during Kidney Machine Preservation in a Porcine Preclinical Kidney Transplantation Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelsalam Kasil ◽  
Sebastien Giraud ◽  
Pierre Couturier ◽  
Akbar Amiri ◽  
Jerome Danion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Kidney Graft ◽  
Post Transplantation ◽  
Kidney Fibrosis ◽  
Graft Outcome ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
Fractional Excretion Of Sodium ◽  
Anti Oxidant

Marginal kidney graft preservation in machine perfusion (MP) is well-established. However, this method requires improvement in order to mitigate oxidative stress during ischemia-reperfusion, by using oxygenation or an O2 carrier with anti-oxidant capacities (hemoglobin of the marine worm; M101). In our preclinical porcine (pig related) model, kidneys were submitted to 1h-warm ischemia, followed by 23 h hypothermic preservation in Waves® MP before auto-transplantation. Four groups were studied: W (MP without 100%-O2), W-O2 (MP with 100%-O2; also called hyperoxia), W-M101 (MP without 100%-O2 + M101 2 g/L), W-O2 + M101 (MP with 100%-O2 + M101 2 g/L) (n = 6/group). Results: Kidneys preserved in the W-M101 group showed lower resistance, compared to our W group. During the first week post-transplantation, W-O2 and W-M101 groups showed a lower blood creatinine and better glomerular filtration rate. KIM-1 and IL-18 blood levels were lower in the W-M101 group, while blood levels of AST and NGAL were lower in groups with 100% O2. Three months after transplantation, fractional excretion of sodium and the proteinuria/creatinuria ratio remained higher in the W group, creatininemia was lower in the W-M101 group, and kidney fibrosis was lower in M101 groups. We concluded that supplementation with M101 associated with or without 100% O2 improved the Waves® MP effect upon kidney recovery and late graft outcome.

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