Operant Procedures Applied to Stuttering Therapy for Children

1971 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce P. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Operant Behavior ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Social Reward ◽  
Delayed Auditory Feedback ◽  
Fluent Speech

This report concerns operant stuttering therapy programs for five children ranging in age from six to nine years. The programs included programmed desensitization, delayed auditory feedback, and gradual increase in the length and complexity of the speech utterance. Reinforcing events ranged from social reward to points which could be exchanged for toys. The programs varied in length from 15 to 73.3 hours. They were all successful in helping the children to establish fluent speech. Special transfer and maintenance programs were necessary for some of the children. Follow-up measures indicated that the children had maintained their fluency. The value of viewing stuttering as operant behavior was demonstrated.

Programmed Stuttering Treatment for Children: Comparison of Two Establishment Programs Through Transfer, Maintenance, and Follow-Up

1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce P. Ryan ◽  
Barbara Van Kirk Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Maintenance Treatment ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Delayed Auditory Feedback ◽  
Important Improvement ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Effectiveness And Efficiency

Two different Establishment programs, Delayed Auditory Feedback (DAF) and Gradual Increase in Length and Complexity of Utterance (GILCU), for improving the fluency of school-age children who stutter, were compared. The programs were carried out by 12 clinicians under supervision with 24 clients (12 elementary and 12 junior/senior high school) in the schools. Both programs produced important improvement in fluency in 23/24 (96%) of the children in a reasonable time period (7.9 hours). Generally, the two programs were similar in performance. The only difference (between GILCU and DAF) was that the GILCU program provided initially for better generalization of fluency. Transfer and Maintenance programs (10.4 hours) demonstrated that the children from the two Establishment programs performed in a similar manner and that the Transfer and Maintenance Programs were helpful. In a total of 18.3 hours of establishment, transfer, and maintenance treatment, 11 subjects, who completed the programs, reduced their stuttering from 7.9 SW/M to .8 SW/M at a 14-month follow-up showing that the children had maintained their fluency. Clinicians’ performances contributed to the effectiveness and efficiency of the programs.

The Establishment, Transfer, and Maintenance of Fluent Speech in 50 Stutterers Using Delayed Auditory Feedback and Operant Procedures

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce P. Ryan ◽  
Barbara Van Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Rehabilitation Center ◽  
Delayed Auditory Feedback ◽  
Fluent Speech ◽  
Speech Fluency ◽  
The Past ◽  
Clinical Program

Operant speech fluency techniques are being used in a clinical program in a rehabilitation center to treat people who stutter. Establishment, transfer, and maintenance programs are used. Delayed auditory feedback is commonly employed to produce the initial fluent speech. From more than 200 clients seen over the past four years, 50 recent clients were selected for a detailed analysis. The results indicate that the programs are effective in helping people of varying ages and stuttering severity to speak fluently. This was accomplished in relatively short periods (approximately 20 hours of therapy). The fluent speech of the clients has transferred to their environment and checks indicate that it has been maintained.

Fluent Speech, Fast Articulatory Rate, and Delayed Auditory Feedback: Creating a Crisis for a Scientific Revolution?

1996 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Stuart ◽  
Joseph Kalinowski
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Speech Rate ◽  
Paradigm Change ◽  
Normal Science ◽  
Delayed Auditory Feedback ◽  
Fluent Speech ◽  
Puzzle Solving

In 1970 Kuhn argued that science does not progress through a process of accretion. It is typified, rather, by the successive emergence of different paradigms which during their reign dictate the direction of normal science's puzzle-solving activity. Normal science inevitably exposes an anomaly which violates expectations predicted by the reigning paradigm. The “crisis” evoking anomaly may induce a destructive/constructive paradigm change. Transformations from one paradigm to another constitute a scientific revolution and dictate the growth and maturation of a field. This paper suggests the recent finding, that stutterers experience enhancement of fluency while speaking under delayed auditory feedback at a fast articulatory rate, be viewed as an anomaly. By challenging the notion that a slowed speech rate is necessary for amelioration of stuttering, the anomalous finding may be perceived as a crisis in the study of stuttering.

Active Inhibition of Stuttering Results in Pseudofluency: A Reply to Craig

2002 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 1050-1052
Author(s):  
Vikram N. Dayalu ◽  
Joseph Kalinowski ◽  
Tim Saltuklaroglu
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Delayed Auditory Feedback ◽  
Fluent Speech ◽  
Active Inhibition

Craig discussed fluency outcomes following stuttering therapy that involved retraining the speech system, on the assumption that the speech end product is truly fluent. As previously outlined by Dayalu and Kalinowski, we strongly disagree with the notion that behavioral paradigms can ever result in automatic, long lasting natural sounding fluent speech. Fluent speech is within the grasp of one who stutters as seen in the effects of choral speech and derivatives such as delayed auditory feedback.

scholarly journals Delayed Auditory Feedback and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Treatment for the Enhancement of Speech Fluency in Adults Who Stutter: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

10.2196/16646 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. e16646
Author(s):  
Narges Moein ◽  
Reyhane Mohamadi ◽  
Reza Rostami ◽  
Michael Nitsche ◽  
Reza Zomorrodi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Current ◽  
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Delayed Auditory Feedback ◽  
Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Speech Fluency ◽  
Adults Who Stutter

Background Stuttering is a complex speech disorder that affects speech fluency. Recently, it has been shown that noninvasive brain stimulation may be useful to enhance the results of fluency interventions in adults who stutter. Delayed auditory feedback (DAF) is a method to enhance speech fluency in individuals who stutter. Adjunctive interventions are warranted to enhance the efficacy of this intervention. Objective Individuals who stutter have pathological activation patterns in the primary and secondary auditory areas. Consequently, in this study, we hypothesize that stimulation of these areas might be promising as an adjunctive method to fluency training via DAF to enhance speech therapy success in individuals with a stutter. We will systematically test this hypothesis in this study. Methods This study is designed as a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled clinical trial. All participants will receive DAF. The intervention group will additionally receive real transcranial direct current stimulation, while the control group will be exposed to sham stimulation. The assignment of the participants to one of these groups will be randomized. Before starting the treatment program, 2 preintervention assessments will be conducted to determine the severity of stuttering. Once these assessments are completed, each subject will participate in 6 intervention sessions. Postintervention assessments will be carried out immediately and 1 week after the last intervention session. Subsequently, to explore the long-term stability of the treatment results, the outcome parameters will be obtained in follow-up assessments 6 weeks after the treatment. The primary outcome measurement—the percentage of stuttered syllables—will be calculated in pre-, post-, and follow-up assessments; the secondary outcomes will be the scores of the following questionnaires: the Stuttering Severity Instrument–Fourth Edition and the Overall Assessment of the Speaker’s Experience of Stuttering. Results This protocol was funded in 2019 and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Iran University of Medical Sciences in June 2019. Data collection started in October 2019. As of February 2020, we have enrolled 30 participants. We expect data analysis to be completed in April 2020, and results will be published in summer 2020. Conclusions We anticipate that this study will show an adjunctive effect of transcranial direct current stimulation, when combined with DAF, on stuttering. This should include not only a reduction in the percentage of stuttered syllables but also improved physical behavior and quality of life in adults who stutter. Trial Registration ClinicalTrial.gov NCT03990168; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03990168 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/16646

Spectrographic Study of Vowels in Stutterers' Fluent Speech

1982 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Klich ◽  
Gaylene M. May
Keyword(s):  
Normal Condition ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Vowel Duration ◽  
Vowel Production ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Delayed Auditory Feedback ◽  
Fluent Speech ◽  
Formant Frequencies ◽  
Masking Noise

Measurements were made of the formant frequencies and formant transitions associated with the vowels/i/,/æ/ and /u/ produced by seven moderate-to-severe stutterers when they read fluently in a control (normal) condition and under four experimental conditions: masking noise, delayed auditory feedback, rhythmic pacing, and whispering. The first and second formantfrequencies in an isolated/hVd/context were more centralized than those reported for nonstutterers. The formant frequencies were centralized even more in reading, but varied little across conditions despite changes in fluency, speaking rates, and vowel duration. Duration and rate of formant transitions also were essentially the same across conditions. These findings and those reported in other studies indicate that stutterers' vowel production is more restricted, spatially and temporally, than nonstutterers'.

Impact of Delayed Auditory Feedback on the Ipat 8-Parallel-Form Anxiety Scales

1966 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 583-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Rankin ◽  
William R. Balfrey
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Feedback Condition ◽  
Delayed Auditory Feedback ◽  
Parallel Form

The IPAT 8-Parallel-Form Anxiety Scales were insensitive to stress generated in 24 Ss under conditions of normal and delayed auditory feedback. As a follow-up, 144 Ss were tested in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial design, varying feedback condition, anxiety, and sex. The PFAB remained insensitive to this type of stress.

scholarly journals Delayed Auditory Feedback and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Treatment for the Enhancement of Speech Fluency in Adults Who Stutter: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narges Moein ◽  
Reyhane Mohamadi ◽  
Reza Rostami ◽  
Michael Nitsche ◽  
Reza Zomorrodi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Current ◽  
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Delayed Auditory Feedback ◽  
Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Speech Fluency ◽  
Adults Who Stutter

BACKGROUND Stuttering is a complex speech disorder that affects speech fluency. Recently, it has been shown that noninvasive brain stimulation may be useful to enhance the results of fluency interventions in adults who stutter. Delayed auditory feedback (DAF) is a method to enhance speech fluency in individuals who stutter. Adjunctive interventions are warranted to enhance the efficacy of this intervention. OBJECTIVE Individuals who stutter have pathological activation patterns in the primary and secondary auditory areas. Consequently, in this study, we hypothesize that stimulation of these areas might be promising as an adjunctive method to fluency training via DAF to enhance speech therapy success in individuals with a stutter. We will systematically test this hypothesis in this study. METHODS This study is designed as a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled clinical trial. All participants will receive DAF. The intervention group will additionally receive real transcranial direct current stimulation, while the control group will be exposed to sham stimulation. The assignment of the participants to one of these groups will be randomized. Before starting the treatment program, 2 preintervention assessments will be conducted to determine the severity of stuttering. Once these assessments are completed, each subject will participate in 6 intervention sessions. Postintervention assessments will be carried out immediately and 1 week after the last intervention session. Subsequently, to explore the long-term stability of the treatment results, the outcome parameters will be obtained in follow-up assessments 6 weeks after the treatment. The primary outcome measurement—the percentage of stuttered syllables—will be calculated in pre-, post-, and follow-up assessments; the secondary outcomes will be the scores of the following questionnaires: the Stuttering Severity Instrument–Fourth Edition and the Overall Assessment of the Speaker’s Experience of Stuttering. RESULTS This protocol was funded in 2019 and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Iran University of Medical Sciences in June 2019. Data collection started in October 2019. As of February 2020, we have enrolled 30 participants. We expect data analysis to be completed in April 2020, and results will be published in summer 2020. CONCLUSIONS We anticipate that this study will show an adjunctive effect of transcranial direct current stimulation, when combined with DAF, on stuttering. This should include not only a reduction in the percentage of stuttered syllables but also improved physical behavior and quality of life in adults who stutter. CLINICALTRIAL ClinicalTrial.gov NCT03990168; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03990168 INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT DERR1-10.2196/16646

Delayed Auditory Feedback with Different Delay Times at Each Ear

1964 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-371
Author(s):  
Samuel Fillenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Delay Interval ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Delayed Auditory Feedback ◽  
Delay Times

Binaurally asynchronous delayed auditory feedback (DAF) was compared with synchronous DAF in 80 normal subjects. Asynchronous DAF (0.10 sec difference) did not yield results different from those obtained under synchronous DAF with a 0.20 sec delay interval, an interval characteristically resulting in maximum disruptions in speech.

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