This study investigated family expenditure on the sickness episodes of pre-school children in 32 urban slums of Lucknow, North India. Between July 1995 and January 1996, 396 children between the ages of 1.5 to 3.5 years were contacted. The main objective was to discover the direct medical cost of illness incurred by their families in the preceding months. Point prevalence of major morbidities, in the preceding month, were as follows: 17.2% respiratory and 6.3% diarrhoeal. A health care provider saw 31.4% [95% confidence interval (CI): 26.9–36.01] children. In >95% of the cases, the health care provider was a self-employed, non-governmental dispenser (NGD). More than half of NGDs did not have a recognized medical degree. The mean family expenditure on sickness in 1 month was RS 12.27 [standard deviation (SD): RS 23.81], approximately 1% of their income (1 US$ = RS 32). Respiratory illness was the primary cause of financial burden to the community. The isolated symptom of fever was the most expensive to treat, with diarrhoea and dysentery costs being similar. Immunizing a child saved money. We conclude that since the NGDs are the predominant health care providers in the urban slums, and since neither the nature of medicines dispensed by them nor their additional costs can be ascertained, steps must be taken to monitor their dispensing practices and to educate them about rational drug therapy.
Assessment of knowledge and attitude about emergency contraception: a cross sectional study among medical students in North India
