Design of a hybrid hierarchical demand response control scheme for the frequency control

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (15) ◽  
pp. 2303-2310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Qing Bao ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Beibei Wang ◽  
Ying-Yi Hong
Keyword(s):  
Demand Response ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Response Control ◽  
Control Scheme

scholarly journals Improved model predictive load frequency control of interconnected power system with synchronized automatic generation control loops

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullahi Bala Kunya ◽  
Mehmet Argin ◽  
Yusuf Jibril ◽  
Yusuf Abubakar Shaaban
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Control ◽  
Cross Coupling ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Automatic Generation ◽  
Load Frequency Control ◽  
Automatic Generation Control ◽  
Control Vector ◽  
Interconnected Power System ◽  
Control Scheme ◽  
Generation Control

Abstract Background Automatic generation control (AGC) of multi-area interconnected power system (IPS) is often designed with negligible cross-coupling between the load frequency control (LFC) and automatic voltage regulation (AVR) loops. This is because the AVR loop is considerably faster than that of LFC. However, with the introduction of slow optimal control action on the AVR, positive damping effect can be achieved on the LFC loop thereby improving the frequency control. In this paper, LFC synchronized with AVR in three-area IPS is proposed. Model predictive controller (MPC) configured in a dense distributed pattern, due to its online set-point tacking is used as the supplementary controller. The dynamics of the IPS subjected to multi-area step and random load disturbances are studied. The efficacy of the developed scheme is ascertained by simulating the disturbed system in MATLAB/Simulink. Results Based on the comparative analysis on the system responses, it is established that by cross-coupling the LFC loop with AVR, reductions of 66.45% and 59.09% in the frequency and tie-line power maximum deviations respectively are observed, while the respective settling times are found to be reduced by 29.68% and 22.77% when compared with the uncoordinated control scheme. In addition, the standard deviation and variance of the integral time absolute error of the system’s responses have reduced by 23.21% and 20.83% respectively compared to those obtained in a similar study. Conclusions The reduction in the maximum deviations and settling times in the system states indicates that introducing the voltage control via AVR loop has improved the frequency control significantly. While the lower standard deviation and variance of the integral time absolute error signify improvement in the robustness of the developed algorithm. However, this improvement is at the detriment of the controller size and computational complexity. In the uncoordinated control scheme, the control vector is one-dimensional, while in the coordinated scheme, the control vector is two-dimensional for each CA.

scholarly journals Price Based Demand Response for Optimal Frequency Stabilization in ORC Solar Thermal Based Isolated Hybrid Microgrid under Salp Swarm Technique

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2209
Author(s):  
Abdul Latif ◽  
Manidipa Paul ◽  
Dulal Chandra Das ◽  
S. M. Suhail Hussain ◽  
Taha Selim Ustun
Keyword(s):  
Demand Response ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Frequency Stabilization ◽  
Load Frequency Control ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
Proportional Integral ◽  
Hybrid Microgrid

Smart grid technology enables active participation of the consumers to reschedule their energy consumption through demand response (DR). The price-based program in demand response indirectly induces consumers to dynamically vary their energy use patterns following different electricity prices. In this paper, a real-time price (RTP)-based demand response scheme is proposed for thermostatically controllable loads (TCLs) that contribute to a large portion of residential loads, such as air conditioners, refrigerators and heaters. Wind turbine generator (WTG) systems, solar thermal power systems (STPSs), diesel engine generators (DEGs), fuel cells (FCs) and aqua electrolyzers (AEs) are employed in a hybrid microgrid system to investigate the contribution of price-based demand response (PBDR) in frequency control. Simulation results show that the load frequency control scheme with dynamic PBDR improves the system’s stability and encourages economic operation of the system at both the consumer and generation level. Performance comparison of the genetic algorithm (GA) and salp swarm algorithm (SSA)-based controllers (proportional-integral (PI) or proportional integral derivative (PID)) is performed, and the hybrid energy system model with demand response shows the supremacy of SSA in terms of minimization of peak load and enhanced frequency stabilization of the system.

scholarly journals 5G Poor and Rich Novel Control Scheme Based Load Frequency Regulation of a Two-Area System with 100% Renewables in Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Hady H. Fayek
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
Fractional Order ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Pid Controller ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Load Frequency Control ◽  
Load Frequency ◽  
Control Scheme ◽  
Non Linear

Remote farms in Africa are cultivated lands planned for 100% sustainable energy and organic agriculture in the future. This paper presents the load frequency control of a two-area power system feeding those farms. The power system is supplied by renewable technologies and storage facilities only which are photovoltaics, biogas, biodiesel, solar thermal, battery storage and flywheel storage systems. Each of those facilities has 150-kW capacity. This paper presents a model for each renewable energy technology and energy storage facility. The frequency is controlled by using a novel non-linear fractional order proportional integral derivative control scheme (NFOPID). The novel scheme is compared to a non-linear PID controller (NPID), fractional order PID controller (FOPID), and conventional PID. The effect of the different degradation factors related to the communication infrastructure, such as the time delay and packet loss, are modeled and simulated to assess the controlled system performance. A new cost function is presented in this research. The four controllers are tuned by novel poor and rich optimization (PRO) algorithm at different operating conditions. PRO controller design is compared to other state of the art techniques in this paper. The results show that the PRO design for a novel NFOPID controller has a promising future in load frequency control considering communication delays and packet loss. The simulation and optimization are applied on MATLAB/SIMULINK 2017a environment.

Adaptive SRF-PLL Based Voltage and Frequency Control of Hybrid Standalone WECS with PMSG-BESS

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjana Jain ◽  
R. Saravanakumar ◽  
S. Shankar ◽  
V. Vanitha
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Power ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Synchronous Generator ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Voltage Source ◽  
Voltage Source Converter ◽  
Control Scheme

Abstract The variable-speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) based Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) attracts the maximum power from wind, but voltage-regulation and frequency-control of the system in standalone operation is a challenging task A modern-control-based-tracking of power from wind for its best utilization is proposed in this paper for standalone PMSG based hybrid-WECS comprising Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). An Adaptive Synchronous Reference Frame Phase-Locked-Loop (SRF-PLL) based control scheme for load side bi-directional voltage source converter (VSC) is presented for the system. MATLAB/Simulink model is developed for simulation study for the proposed system and the effectiveness of the controller for bi-directional-converter is discussed under different operating conditions: like variable wind-velocity, sudden load variation, and load unbalancing. Converter control scheme enhances the power smoothening, supply-load power-matching. Also it is able to regulate the active & reactive power from PMSG-BESS hybrid system with control of fluctuations in voltage & frequency with respect to varying operating conditions. Proposed controller successfully offers reactive-power-compensation, harmonics-reduction, and power-balancing. The proposed scheme is based on proportional & integral (PI) controller. Also system is experimentally validated in the laboratory-environment and results are presented here.

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