Numerical steady flow solutions of the lower leg venous circulation: effects of external compression

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-297
Author(s):  
J.-M. Fullana ◽  
P. Flaud
Keyword(s):  
Steady Flow ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
External Compression ◽  
Venous Circulation

scholarly journals The Magnitude of Tissue Cooling During Cryotherapy With Varied Types of Compression

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Tomchuk ◽  
Mack D. Rubley ◽  
William R. Holcomb ◽  
Mark Guadagnoli ◽  
Jason M. Tarno
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
The Body ◽  
Acute Injury ◽  
Tissue Temperature ◽  
External Compression ◽  
Certified Athletic Trainers ◽  
Temperature Reduction ◽  
Surface Temperatures ◽  
Intramuscular Temperature

Abstract Context: Certified athletic trainers can choose different types of external compression (none, Flex-i-Wrap, and elastic wrap) when applying an ice bag to the body. However, which type facilitates the greatest magnitude of tissue cooling is unclear. Objective: To compare the effects of 2 common types of external compression on the magnitude of surface and intramuscular cooling during an ice-bag treatment. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: University research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Fourteen college students (10 women, 4 men; age  =  22.4 ± 1.8 years, height  =  169.1 ± 8.2 cm, mass  =  73.3 ± 18.5 kg, skinfold  =  13.14 ± 1.61 mm) with previous cryotherapy experience and a posterior lower leg skinfold equal to or less than 15 mm. Intervention(s): On 3 different days separated by 24 to 48 hours, an ice bag was applied to the posterior lower leg surface of each participant for 30 minutes with no compression, with elastic wrap, or with Flex-i-Wrap. Main Outcome Measure(s): Posterior lower leg surface and intramuscular (2 cm) temperatures were recorded for 95 minutes. Results: At 15 minutes, the elastic wrap produced greater surface temperature reduction than no compression (P  =  .03); this difference remained throughout the protocol (P range, .03 to .04). At 30 minutes, surface temperatures were 14.95°C, 11.55°C, and 9.49°C when an ice bag was applied with no external compression, Flex-i-Wrap, and elastic wrap, respectively. Surface temperatures between Flex-i-Wrap and elastic wrap and between Flex-i-Wrap and no compression were never different. At 10 minutes, Flex-i-Wrap (P  =  .006) and elastic wrap (P < .001) produced greater intramuscular temperature reduction than no compression produced; these differences remained throughout the protocol. At 10 minutes, no compression, Flex-i-Wrap, and elastic wrap decreased intramuscular temperature by 1.34°C, 2.46°C, and 2.73°C, respectively. At 25 minutes, elastic wrap (8.03°C) produced greater temperature reduction than Flex-i-Wrap (6.65°C) (P  =  .03) or no compression (4.63°C) (P < .001 ). These differences remained throughout ice application and until 50 minutes after ice-bag removal. Conclusions: During an ice-bag application, external compression with elastic wrap was more effective than Flex-i-Wrap at reducing intramuscular tissue temperature. Elastic wraps should be used for acute injury care.

Venous circulation after fasciotomy of the lower leg in man

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rosfors ◽  
S. Bygdeman ◽  
R. Wallensten
Keyword(s):  
Lower Leg ◽  
Venous Circulation

Bioengineering Studies of Periodic External Compression as Prophylaxis Against Deep Vein Thrombosis—Part I: Numerical Studies

1982 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Kamm
Keyword(s):  
Deep Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Uniform Compression ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
External Compression ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Deep Vein

This paper presents the results of a numerical study of the technique of periodic external compression for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis. In the model the veins of the lower leg are portrayed as a continuous system rather than as discrete elements as in previous models. Consequently, we are able to explore the detailed effects of different modes of compression including (i) uniform compression, the simultaneous application of uniform pressure over the entire lower leg, (ii) graded compression, the application of nonuniform pressure, maximum at the ankle and minimum at the knee, and (iii) wavelike compression, a wave of compression proceeding from the ankle toward the knee. These numerical results indicate that the effectiveness of uniform compression is severely compromised by the formation of a flow-limiting throat at the proximal end of the compression cuff that reduces both the rate at which blood is discharged from the lower leg and the total blood volume removed. Both of these detrimental effects can be avoided by the use of either wavelike or graded compression. Both alternate methods are shown to produce more uniform augmentation of volume flow rate, flow velocity, and shear stress, throughout the entire lower leg. In the companion paper, Part II [18] (see following article), these same compression modes are tested using a simple hydraulic model consisting of a single latex tube inside a foam cylinder as a highly simplified representation of a human leg.

Room G, 10/16/2000 9: 00 AM - 11: 00 AM (PS) Effects of Lithotomy Position and External Compression on Lower Leg Muscle Compartment Pressure 

2000 ◽  
Vol 93 (3A) ◽  
pp. A-1128
Author(s):  
Susanne D. Pfeffer ◽  
John R. Halliwill ◽  
Michael J. Joyner ◽  
David O. Warner ◽  
Mark  A. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Lower Leg ◽  
Lithotomy Position ◽  
Compartment Pressure ◽  
External Compression ◽  
Muscle Compartment ◽  
Leg Muscle

Effects of Lithotomy Position and External Compression on Lower Leg Muscle Compartment Pressure

2001 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 632-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne D. Pfeffer ◽  
John R. Halliwill ◽  
Mark A. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Supine Position ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Tibialis Anterior Muscle ◽  
Applied Pressure ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Lithotomy Position ◽  
External Compression ◽  
Extended Surgery ◽  
Intermittent Compression ◽  
Muscle Compartment

Background Case reports have suggested that externally applied pressure from antithrombosis devices may contribute to the development of compartment syndromes during extended surgery in the lithotomy position. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a pneumatic compression device on directly measured intracompartment pressure in the lower leg with the leg positioned in the lithotomy position. Methods In 25 conscious, healthy men and women, the authors measured pressure within the tibialis anterior muscle compartment with the leg supine and in the lithotomy position with and without intermittent compression. Three different devices were used to keep the leg in the lithotomy position, supporting the leg either behind the knee, under the calf, or at the ankle. Results The lithotomy position with support behind the calf or knee increased intracompartment pressure to 16.5+/-3.4 versus 10.7+/-5.8 mmHg supine (mean +/- SD; P < 0.05). The addition of intermittent compression decreased pressure to 13.4+/-5.1 mmHg during lithotomy (P < 0.05) and to 9.1+/-7.0 mmHg in the supine position (P < 0.05). In contrast, the lithotomy position with support near the ankle decreased intracompartment pressure to 8.7+/-5.6 versus 13.3+/-5.1 mmHg supine (P < 0.05). The addition of intermittent compression decreased pressure to 6.5+/-5.4 mmHg during lithotomy (P < 0.05) and to 10.3+/-4.7 mmHg in the supine position (P < 0.05). Conclusions These results show that the lithotomy position is associated with changes in intracompartment pressure that are dependent on the method of leg support used. Furthermore, they indicate that intermittent external compression can reduce intracompartment pressure in the lower leg. Therefore, increases in intracompartment pressure during surgery in the lithotomy position with the calf or knee supported may be one of the factors that contribute to the development of compartment syndrome. Further, use of intermittent external compression may significantly reduce this pressure increase.

500 An in vitro steady flow model of mitral regurgitation by three-dimensional Doppler

1999 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. S86-S86
Author(s):  
R DESIMONE ◽  
G GLOMBITZA ◽  
C VAHL ◽  
H MEINZER ◽  
S HAGL
Keyword(s):  
Mitral Regurgitation ◽  
Steady Flow ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Three Dimensional

Comparison of standardised lymphoscintigraphic function test and high resolution sonography of the lymphoedema of legs

Phlebologie ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 37 (05) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Brauer ◽  
W. J. Brauer
Keyword(s):  
Lower Leg ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Function Test ◽  
Unreliable Method ◽  
Negative Conclusion ◽  
Fine Disperse

SummaryPurpose: Comparison of qualitative and quantitative sonography with the lymphoscintigraphic function test and clinical findings in legs. Patients, methods: In 33 patients a lymphoscintigraphic function test of legs combined with measurement of lymph node uptake was performed and subsequently compared with sonography. Sonographic criteria were: Thickness of cutis, thickness of subcutanean fatty tissue and presence of liquid structures or fine disperse tissue structure of lower limbs, foots and toes. Results: In 51 legs uptake values lie in the pathologic area, in four legs in the grey area and in ten legs in the normal area. The cutis thickness in the lower leg shows no significant correlation with the uptake. The determination of the thickness of the subcutanean fatty tissue of the lower leg and of the cutis thickness of the feet turned out to be an unreliable method. In 47% of the medial lower legs and in 57% of the lateral lower legs with clinical lymphoedema sonography is falsely negative. Conclusion: Early lymphoedema is only detectable with the lymphoscintigraphic function test. In the case of clinical lymphoedema clinical examination is more reliable than sonography.

Maisonneuve fracture

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Keyword(s):  
Open Reduction ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Fracture Dislocation ◽  
Deltoid Ligament ◽  
Ct Reconstruction ◽  
Distal Fibula ◽  
Ct Examination ◽  
Maisonneuve Fracture ◽  
Fibular Fracture ◽  
Wide Range

Introduction: Maisonneuve fracture (MF) is a generally known entity in ankle trauma. However, details about this type of injury can be found only rarely in the literature. For these reasons we have decided to perform a study on MF epidemiology and pathoanatomy. Methods: The group comprised 70 patients (47 men, 23 women), with the mean age of 48 years, who sustained an ankle fracture-dislocation involving the proximal quarter of the fibula. Ankle radiographs in three views and lower leg radiographs in two views were performed in all patients. A total of 59 patients underwent CT examination in three views, including 3D CT reconstruction in 49 of these patients. MRI was performed in 4 patients. Operative treatment was used in 67 patients; open reduction of the distal fibula into the fibular notch was opted for in 54 of them. Results: The highest MF incidence rate was recorded in the 5th decade in the whole group and in men, while in women the peak incidence was in the 6th decade. After the age of 50, the share of women significantly increased. In 64 cases, the fibular fracture was subcapital, and in 6 cases it involved the fibular head. In 24% of the patients, the fibular fracture was seen only in the lateral radiograph of the lower leg. Widening of the tibiofibular clear space was shown by radiographs in 40 cases. Posterior dislocation of the fibula (Bosworth fracture) and tibiofibular diastasis were recorded in 2 cases each. An injury to the anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments was found in all 54 patients with open reduction of the distal fibula. A fracture of the medial malleolus was identified in 27 cases (39%) and a complete lesion of the deltoid ligament in 36 cases (51%); in 7 cases (10%) the medial structures were intact. A fracture of the posterior malleolus occurred in 54 (77%) patients. Osteochondral fracture of the talar dome was diagnosed in 2 patients and compression of the articular surface of the distal tibia in the region of the fibular notch in 1 patient. Conclusion: Maisonneuve fracture includes a wide range of injuries both to bone and ligamentous structures of the ankle. Therefore, CT examination is an indispensable part of assessment of this type of fracture.

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