Degenerative Changes/Osteolytic Lesions

Author(s):  
Jay W. Cha ◽  
Perry J. Melnick

Hereditary ochronosis in very few cases has been examined electron microscopically or histochemically. In this disease homogentisic acid, a normal intermediary of tyrosine metabolism, forms in excessive amounts. This is believed to be due to absence or defective activity of homogentisic acid oxidase, an enzyme system necessary to break the benzene ring and to further break it down to fumaric and acetoacetic acids. Ochronotic pigment, a polymerized form of homogentisic acid, deposits mainly in mesenchymal tissues. There has been a question whether the pigment originates from the collagenous tissues, or deposits passively, where in contrast to melanin it induces degenerative changes.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt J. Schwaiger ◽  
Charlotte Schneider ◽  
Sophia Kronthaler ◽  
Christoph Böhm ◽  
Julian Zapf ◽  
...  

2020 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
MF Van Bressem ◽  
P Duignan ◽  
JA Raga ◽  
K Van Waerebeek ◽  
N Fraijia-Fernández ◽  
...  

Crassicauda spp. (Nematoda) infest the cranial sinuses of several odontocetes, causing diagnostic trabecular osteolytic lesions. We examined skulls of 77 Indian Ocean humpback dolphins Sousa plumbea and 69 Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins Tursiops aduncus, caught in bather-protecting nets off KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) from 1970-2017, and skulls of 6 S. plumbea stranded along the southern Cape coast in South Africa from 1963-2002. Prevalence of cranial crassicaudiasis was evaluated according to sex and cranial maturity. Overall, prevalence in S. plumbea and T. aduncus taken off KZN was 13 and 31.9%, respectively. Parasitosis variably affected 1 or more cranial bones (frontal, pterygoid, maxillary and sphenoid). No significant difference was found by gender for either species, allowing sexes to be pooled. However, there was a significant difference in lesion prevalence by age, with immature T. aduncus 4.6 times more likely affected than adults, while for S. plumbea, the difference was 6.5-fold. As severe osteolytic lesions are unlikely to heal without trace, we propose that infection is more likely to have a fatal outcome for immature dolphins, possibly because of incomplete bone development, lower immune competence in clearing parasites or an over-exuberant inflammatory response in concert with parasitic enzymatic erosion. Cranial osteolysis was not observed in mature males (18 S. plumbea, 21 T. aduncus), suggesting potential cohort-linked immune-mediated resistance to infestation. Crassicauda spp. may play a role in the natural mortality of S. plumbea and T. aduncus, but the pathogenesis and population level impact remain unknown.


2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfredo Cappariello ◽  
Nadia Rucci ◽  
Mattia Capulli ◽  
Maurizio Muraca ◽  
Anna Teti

Author(s):  
А.В. Дробленков ◽  
Л.Г. Прошина ◽  
Ю.Н. Юхлина ◽  
А.А. Байрамов ◽  
П.Д. Шабанов ◽  
...  

Актуальность. Значение недостаточности тестостерона для структурного гомеостазиса нейронов, регулирующих выработку гонадотропин-рилизинг гормона (ГнРГ) и синтезирующих данный гормон, мало изучены. Цель. Установить реактивные изменения, количество рецепторов к андрогенам (АР) и особенности их распределения в нейронах медиального аркуатного ядра гипоталамуса (МАЯ) при экспериментальном гипогонадизме, а также обратимость этих изменений после восстановительной терапии тестостероном. Методы. У самцов крыс Вистар (16 особей) моделировали гипогонадизм путем удаления одной гонады на 2-3 день постнатальной жизни и исследовали гистологические срезы каудальной части МАЯ у молодых животных (4 мес.) при отсутствии и осуществлении заместительной терапии. Контрольную группу составляли интактные самцы аналогичного возраста (8 особей). В середине левосторонней части МАЯ на площади 0,01 мм определяли реактивные изменения клеток и площадь тел малоизмененных нейронов (после окрашивания срезов методом Ниссля), а также число и долю тел нервных клеток, различавшихся по степени экспрессии АР. Результаты. Установлено, что нейроны МАЯ содержат большое количество АР, распределенных в различных частях их тела. При гипогонадизме происходит перераспределение АР и снижение степени их экспрессии (количества). Сгущение АР в области оболочки ядра и плазмолеммы, образование конгломератов в ядре и цитоплазме было характерно для нейронов с умеренной экспрессией. В цитоплазме и в области плазматической мембраны рецепторы отсутствовали у клеток со слабой и очень низкой экспрессией. Снижение степени экспрессии АР при гипогонадизме сопряжено с уменьшением площади тела и гибелью части нейронов. Заключение. Выявленные дегенеративные тестостерон-зависимые изменения нейронов МАЯ, которые синтезируют ГнРГ или пептиды, влияющие на его выработку, могут обусловить уменьшение высвобождения гонадолиберина, вторичное снижение синтеза андрогенов и реализацию морфофункциональных проявлений его вторичного дефицита. Заместительная терапия частично компенсирует дегенеративные изменения нейронов, восстанавливает интенсивность экспрессии АР, однако не влияет на процесс гибели нервных клеток. Background. Importance of testosterone deficiency for structural homeostasis of the neurons regulating production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and synthesizing this hormone is insufficiently understood. Aim. To determine reactive changes, quantity of androgens receptors (AR), and features of their distribution in neurons of hypothalamic medial arcuate nucleus (MAN) in experimental hypogonadism and reversibility of these changes by restorative therapy with testosterone. Methods. Hypogonadism was modeled in 16 Wistar rats by removing one gonad on postnatal days 2-3, and histological sections of caudal MAN were examined in young, 4-month old animals with and without a replacement therapy. The control group consisted of 8 age-matched intact males. Cell reactive changes, areas of slightly changed neuron bodies (Nissl staining of sections), and the number and proportion of nerve cell bodies differing in the degree of AR expression were determined in the middle left-sided part of MAN, on an area of 0.01 mm. Results. MAN neurons contained a large quantity of AR distributed in different parts of the neuron body. In hypogonadism, AR redistributed and their expression (quantity) decreased. Condensation of AR in the region of nucleo- and plasmolemma and formation of conglomerates in the nucleus and cytoplasm were characteristic of neurons with moderate expression. In the regions of cytoplasm and plasma membrane, the receptors were absent in cells with low and very low expression. The reduced AR expression in hypogonadism was associated with a decreased neuron body area and death of a part of neurons. Conclusions. The identified degenerative changes in the testosterone-dependent neuronal MAN that synthesize GnRH or peptides affecting the GnRH production may decrease the release of GnRH, cause a secondary decrease in the androgen synthesis, and mediate morphological and functional manifestations of GnRH secondary deficit. The replacement therapy partially compensated for degenerative changes in neurons and restored the intensity of AR expression, however, it did not influence the process of nerve cell death.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Różyło-Kalinowskav ◽  
Karolina Sidor

The purpose of this article was to present a case report of 11–year old female patient with a large osteolytic mandibular lesion which healed after endodontic treatment. The patient was referred for radio diagnostics due to an incidental finding of a large osteolytic lesion of the area of the left lower first and second premolars in the panoramic radiograph taken before orthodontic treatment. CBCT was performed and the patient asked to have teeth 33-35 treated by endodontics before surgery. The patient missed the surgical appointment and when she reappeared several months later, the lesion showed signs of healing thus surgery were aborted. The presented case testifies to the observation that even large osteolytic lesions can heal after endodontic treatment without surgical approach.


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