Testosterone-dependent changes in neurons of hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and reversibility of these changes by modeled male hypogonadism

Author(s):  
А.В. Дробленков ◽  
Л.Г. Прошина ◽  
Ю.Н. Юхлина ◽  
А.А. Байрамов ◽  
П.Д. Шабанов ◽  
...  

Актуальность. Значение недостаточности тестостерона для структурного гомеостазиса нейронов, регулирующих выработку гонадотропин-рилизинг гормона (ГнРГ) и синтезирующих данный гормон, мало изучены. Цель. Установить реактивные изменения, количество рецепторов к андрогенам (АР) и особенности их распределения в нейронах медиального аркуатного ядра гипоталамуса (МАЯ) при экспериментальном гипогонадизме, а также обратимость этих изменений после восстановительной терапии тестостероном. Методы. У самцов крыс Вистар (16 особей) моделировали гипогонадизм путем удаления одной гонады на 2-3 день постнатальной жизни и исследовали гистологические срезы каудальной части МАЯ у молодых животных (4 мес.) при отсутствии и осуществлении заместительной терапии. Контрольную группу составляли интактные самцы аналогичного возраста (8 особей). В середине левосторонней части МАЯ на площади 0,01 мм определяли реактивные изменения клеток и площадь тел малоизмененных нейронов (после окрашивания срезов методом Ниссля), а также число и долю тел нервных клеток, различавшихся по степени экспрессии АР. Результаты. Установлено, что нейроны МАЯ содержат большое количество АР, распределенных в различных частях их тела. При гипогонадизме происходит перераспределение АР и снижение степени их экспрессии (количества). Сгущение АР в области оболочки ядра и плазмолеммы, образование конгломератов в ядре и цитоплазме было характерно для нейронов с умеренной экспрессией. В цитоплазме и в области плазматической мембраны рецепторы отсутствовали у клеток со слабой и очень низкой экспрессией. Снижение степени экспрессии АР при гипогонадизме сопряжено с уменьшением площади тела и гибелью части нейронов. Заключение. Выявленные дегенеративные тестостерон-зависимые изменения нейронов МАЯ, которые синтезируют ГнРГ или пептиды, влияющие на его выработку, могут обусловить уменьшение высвобождения гонадолиберина, вторичное снижение синтеза андрогенов и реализацию морфофункциональных проявлений его вторичного дефицита. Заместительная терапия частично компенсирует дегенеративные изменения нейронов, восстанавливает интенсивность экспрессии АР, однако не влияет на процесс гибели нервных клеток. Background. Importance of testosterone deficiency for structural homeostasis of the neurons regulating production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and synthesizing this hormone is insufficiently understood. Aim. To determine reactive changes, quantity of androgens receptors (AR), and features of their distribution in neurons of hypothalamic medial arcuate nucleus (MAN) in experimental hypogonadism and reversibility of these changes by restorative therapy with testosterone. Methods. Hypogonadism was modeled in 16 Wistar rats by removing one gonad on postnatal days 2-3, and histological sections of caudal MAN were examined in young, 4-month old animals with and without a replacement therapy. The control group consisted of 8 age-matched intact males. Cell reactive changes, areas of slightly changed neuron bodies (Nissl staining of sections), and the number and proportion of nerve cell bodies differing in the degree of AR expression were determined in the middle left-sided part of MAN, on an area of 0.01 mm. Results. MAN neurons contained a large quantity of AR distributed in different parts of the neuron body. In hypogonadism, AR redistributed and their expression (quantity) decreased. Condensation of AR in the region of nucleo- and plasmolemma and formation of conglomerates in the nucleus and cytoplasm were characteristic of neurons with moderate expression. In the regions of cytoplasm and plasma membrane, the receptors were absent in cells with low and very low expression. The reduced AR expression in hypogonadism was associated with a decreased neuron body area and death of a part of neurons. Conclusions. The identified degenerative changes in the testosterone-dependent neuronal MAN that synthesize GnRH or peptides affecting the GnRH production may decrease the release of GnRH, cause a secondary decrease in the androgen synthesis, and mediate morphological and functional manifestations of GnRH secondary deficit. The replacement therapy partially compensated for degenerative changes in neurons and restored the intensity of AR expression, however, it did not influence the process of nerve cell death.

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 62-68
Author(s):  
Yulia Nikolaevna Khodulaeva ◽  
Zakhar Petrovich Asaulenko ◽  
Alekber Azizovoch Baymarov ◽  
Irina Leorovna Nikitina ◽  
Andreiy Vsevolodovich Droblenkov

The study of patterns of hormonal regulation of sexual development of adolescents including mechanisms of physiological and pathological changes in the rate of maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis remains the subject of active research interest. The study of reactive changes of the medial arcuate nucleus of cells in experimental hypogonadism and degree of correction of these changes after testosterone therapy is necessary for a better understanding of the mechanisms of endocrine interaction gonads and gonadoliberin centers during puberty. The aim of this article was to determine the quantitative, structural changes of neurons, glio-neuronal and interneuronal relationships in the medial arcuate nucleus in experimental hypogonadism and the degree of correction of these changes after testosterone therapy. In male Wistar rats induced hypogonadism (model created by the removal of one gonad on postnatal day 2-3), and histological sections were examined medial hypothalamic arcuate nucleus puberty animals (2 months) and the absence of treatment with testosterone after correction. The control group consisted of intact animals puberty. It was found that after the experimental inhibition of testosterone production in newborn male rats in the medial hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of rat puberty develop degenerative (degenerative, atrophic) and compensatory-adaptive changes. First expressed in the reduction of the share and the decrease in the normochromic neurons area, wrinkling, the growth of the share of shadowly neurons. The latter expressed signs of activation glio-neuronal and interneuronal relations. Many reactive changes in the cells exposed to compensatory adjustment in the period of puberty.


2009 ◽  
Vol 160 (5) ◽  
pp. 839-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianna Yaron ◽  
Yona Greenman ◽  
Joseph B Rosenfeld ◽  
Elena Izkhakov ◽  
Rona Limor ◽  
...  

ObjectiveTo assess arterial stiffness in a cohort of hypogonadal males and to investigate the effect of testosterone replacement therapy on arterial properties in this specific group.DesignEighteen male patients with untreated acquired hypogonadism due to either adult-onset idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (n=9) or pituitary tumor (n=9) and 12 age-, sex, and weight-matched eugonadal healthy controls were recruited for the study. Arterial properties, plasma glucose, lipid profile, total, and bioavailable testosterone (BT) levels were measured in fasting state. In the hypogonadal subjects, the effect of transdermal testosterone replacement therapy on arterial properties was studied by repeat noninvasive measurements at baseline, as well as 48 h and 90 days following the initiation of treatment.MethodsArterial stiffness was evaluated using applanation tonometry and pulse wave analysis by three different standard devices that assess various measures of arterial stiffness: pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AIx), and large/small artery compliance (C1 and C2).ResultsAge- and blood pressure-adjusted PWV was significantly higher in hypogonadal men (8.90±2.29 vs 6.78±1.16 m/s in the control group;P=0.025). Testosterone therapy increased BT level from 2.01±1.04 to 4.68±2.43 and 7.83±6.2 nmol/l after 48 h and 3 months respectively (P=0.001). PWV decreased from 8.9±2.29 to 8.24±1.39 and 8.25±1.82 m/s after 48 h and 3 months of treatment respectively (P=0.03).ConclusionsMale hypogonadism is associated with increased PWV, which is rapidly but incompletely ameliorated by normalization of circulating testosterone levels.


2020 ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
Татьяна Геннадьевна Боровая ◽  
Владимир Григорьевич Жуховицкий ◽  
Мария Николаевна Черкасова

Цель - выявление реактивных изменений гистологических элементов печени и почек у мышей в экспериментальных моделях сепсиса, вызванного штаммами 1840 и 1623 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PsA1840, 1623). Материал и методы. Сепсис моделировали на двух группах половозрелых самцов мышей линии C57Bl/6 интраперитонеальным введением Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Животным 1-й группы (8 особей) вводили штамм 1840, животным 2-й группы (12 особей) - штамм 1623. Контрольная группа состояла из 3 животных. Перед началом опыта штаммы тестировали на присутствие генов экзотоксинов U, S, T, Y (ExoU, ExoS, ExoT, ExoY) с помощью полимеразной цепной реакции (ПЦР). Для визуализации продуктов ПЦР применяли электрофорез в горизонтальном 1,5 % агарозном геле. Животных вскрывали на терминальной стадии сепсиса. Серийные парафиновые срезы печени и почек толщиной 4 мкм окрашивали гематоксилином - эозином, анализировали особенности гистоструктуры органов и фотографировали в световом микроскопе «AxioPlus» (фирма Zeiss, Германия). Результаты. Штамм PsA 1840, имеющий ген exoU, вызывал выраженные деструктивные изменения пластинок гепатоцитов и замещение участков паренхимы печени гомогенным эозинофильным веществом. Присутствовали признаки стаза крови в синусоидных капиллярах, расширение и тромбоз центральных вен, немногочисленные скопления лейкоцитов. Морфологические изменения нефронов состояли в локальных деструктивных изменениях проксимальных канальцев на периферии коркового вещества почек. При введении PsA1623, имеющего ген exoS, возникали массовая гибель почечных телец и дегенерация канальцев нефронов. В печени дольковая гистоархитектура в основном сохранялась. Выводы. Предполагается связь выявленных различий в реактивных изменениях гистологических элементов печени и почек в подопытных группах с особенностями геномов штаммов PsA, использованных для моделирования сепсиса. Objective - to identify reactive changes of liver and kidney histological elements in experimental models of sepsis in mice caused by 1840 and 1623 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains (PsA1840, 1623). Material and methods. Sepsis was modeled in two groups of mature male C57Bl/6 mice by intraperitoneal administration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Strain 1840 was administered to animals of the first group (n=8), animals of the second group (n=12) were administered strain 1623; the control group consisted of 3 animals. Before the experiment, the strains were tested for the presence of genes of exotoxins U, S, T, Y (ExoU, ExoS, ExoT, ExoY) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Electrophoresis in horizontal 1,5 % agarose gel was used to visualize PCR products. The animals were euthanized at the terminal stage of sepsis. The extracted liver and kidneys were fixed according to the generally accepted histological method, and embedded into paraffin blocks. Serial 4 μm thick sections of organs were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, analyzed and photographed using «AxioPlus» light microscope (Zeiss, Germany). Results. Strain PsA 1840, carrying the gene of exotoxin U (ExoU), caused severe destructive changes of hepatocytes plates and the replacement of the liver parenchyma with homogeneous eosinophilic substance. There were signs of blood stasis in sinusoidal capillaries, expansion and thrombosis of central veins, a few accumulations of leukocytes. Morphological changes of nephrons consisted of local destructive changes in the proximal tubules at the periphery of kidney cortical substance. After the introduction of PsA1623, carrying the gene of exotoxin S (ExoS), the massive death of renal corpuscles and degeneration of nephron tubules were registered. However, the lobular histoarchitecture in the liver remained mostly unaltered. Conclusions. It is supposed that there is a possible connection of the observed differences in reactive changes of liver and kidney histological elements in two experimental groups with genome features of PsA strains used for the sepsis modeling.


2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Li ◽  
Lan Chu ◽  
Chunfeng Liu ◽  
Zongyi Zha ◽  
Yuanlu Shu

Aim: This study investigated the protective effect of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) in rats by mediating GSK3-β/Nrf2 using the middle cerebral artery embolization reperfusion (MCAO/R) rat model. Background: After an acute ischemic stroke (AIS), oxidative stress occurs. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activator, approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), was observed to regulate the Nrf2 pathway by acting as an anti-oxidative stress agent; however, whether this agent is involved in inhibiting GSK-3β remains to be established. Methods: DMF model was used to explore the effects of GSK-3β on Nrf2 expression level, Nrf2-ARE binding activity and Nrf2/ARE downstream expression level of anti-oxidant stress protein in Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). 60 rats were randomly divided into Sham group, MCAO/R group, solvent control group (DMSO group) and DMF treatment group, with 15 rats in each group. The MCAO/R, DMSO and DMF groups were considered in the MCAO/R model using the modified thread embolization method. In contrast, the Sham group was only anaesthetized and disinfected, and tissue muscle was dissected without inserting suture emboli. DMF group was gavaged with 45mg/kg per day of DMF, DMSO control group was gavaged with DMSO of equal volume, while MCAO/R group was only modeled without any intragastric treatment. The rats were treated seven days after the operation, and a neurological function Longa score was estimated. The rats were sacrificed seven days later, and the infarct volume was assessed by TTC staining. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the pathological changes in rat brain tissue. Nissl staining was used to observe the expression of neurons in the infarcted cortex. Western blotting (WB) was used to observe the protein expression levels of glycogen synthase kinase 3β(GSK-3β), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), downstream heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) and NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) in four groups. The expression levels of GSK-3β and Nrf2 in the four groups were observed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Results: (1) The Longa score of the MCAO/R, DMSO and DMF groups was found to be higher compared to the Sham group, indicating successful operation. The Longa score of the DMF group was lower than that of the other three groups 4-7 days after surgery (P<0.05). (2) HE and Nissl staining showed that the DMF group had lower neuron necrosis and higher gliosis compared to the control groups. (3) TTC staining results showed that the infarct volume of the DMF group was significantly smaller than the MCAO/R and DMSO groups. (4) Protein results showed that the GSK-3β expression in the DMF group was lower than that in all groups, while the expression of Nrf2, HO1 and NQO1 was higher compared to other groups. Conclusion: DMF can reduce neurological deficits and infarct size in the MCAO/R model. The protective effect may be related to decreased GSK-3β expression and increased Nrf2 expression, which may play a role in anti-oxidative stress.


2016 ◽  
Vol 101 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 291-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Uysal ◽  
Gurkan Ozkoc ◽  
Filiz Bolat ◽  
Mehmet Turker ◽  
Mehmet Erdem

Apoptosis refers to cell death without inflammatory process, and is related to degenerative changes in joints. We hypothesized that zoledronic acid (ZA) would have a positive effect on chondrocyte viability and decreases in chondrocyte loss, which are important for the progression of degeneration. This study aimed to reveal the difference in time-dependent apoptotic changes in cartilage tissue in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) transection model of osteoarthritis (OA) in rat knees after treatment with zoledronic acid. We randomly divided 48 male Wistar albino rats into 6 groups. The knees of all rats except those in the control group underwent the operation for ACL transection. ZA for half of the rats and saline solution for the others was injected weekly into knees. Animals were killed at 0, 3, and 6 weeks after surgery. Apoptosis of chondrocytes were analyzed using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling method. Comparison of groups was performed using Kruskal Wallis analysis and the Mann Whitney U test. Significant differences were observed between the groups treated with ZA and saline. ZA treatment significantly decreased the number of apoptotic cells in chondral tissue. ZA prevents time-dependent degenerative changes in chondral tissue by decreasing chondrocyte death. Intra-articular ZA may have the potential to treat and conserve chondral viability. ZA prevents chondrocyte loss and may play a therapeutic role in OA and conserving joint health. Further studies are needed to evaluate the potential of intra-articular ZA for the prevention or treatment of age-related degenerative changes.


2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 115-122
Author(s):  
Kazim G. Gasanov ◽  
Viktor A. Zurnadzhyants ◽  
Eldar A. Kchibekov ◽  
M. I. Shikhragimov

Objective. To determine the blood serum 2-microglobulin and 2-macroglobulin concentration in patients undergoing renal replacement therapy (programmed hemodialysis) for the diagnosis of uremic pancreatitis and / or destructive pancreatitis. Materials and methods. The study involved 52 patients admitted to the Surgical Unit of Astrakhan "RZhD-Medicine" Hospital and City Clinical Hospital № 3. The blood serum 2-microglobulin and 2-macroglobulin concentration was analyzed in patients admitted on an emergency basis with suspicion of uremic pancreatitis and destructive pancreatitis, who receive renal replacement therapy (programmed hemodialysis). The control group included 50 outpatients undergoing renal replacement therapy (programmed hemodialysis). The study did not include patients with suspected pancreatitis who were not receiving renal replacement therapy. The period of the study is 20192021. Results. The concentration of blood serum 2-microglobulin is statistically higher than normal in all patients, who had received renal replacement therapy (programmed hemodialysis) in anamnesis. The most statistically high concentration of 2-microglobulin was revealed while studying patients with uremic pancreatitis (n = 34), and was (30.0 2.75 mg/l) compared with the blood serum concentration in patients with destructive pancreatitis (8 0.51 mg / l). The concentration of 2-macroglobulin was statistically lower in destructive pancreatitis (n = 18) and was 615 161 mg/l compared with uremic pancreatitis (980 216 mg/l). In the control group of outpatients (n = 50) receiving renal replacement therapy (programmed hemodialysis), no statistically significant blood serum concentrations of 2-microglobulin and 2-macroglobulin were found. Conclusions. A clear dependence of the concentration of 2-microglobulin and 2-macroglobulin on the severity of uremic pancreatitis and destructive pancreatitis was established. Statistically high values of 2-microglobulin concentrations were obtained in patients with uremic pancreatitis, and the 2-macroglobulin level was statistically low in destructive pancreatitis.


Author(s):  
O. Iefimenko ◽  
O. Savchenko ◽  
T. Falalyeyeva ◽  
O. Kyric ◽  
M. Spivak

We have studied the effect of nanocrystalline cerium dioxide (NCD) on the morphological state of the gastric mucosa and colon in rats of different ages. It was found the degenerative changes and dysregeneration (violation the ratio of value of major and parietal cells), atrophic or hyperplastic changes. NCD restored the processes of differentiation and proliferation of epithelial cells of gastric glands. In the control group of old rats mucosa of the colon was focal thinner, the cells had degenerative changes, it was observed the change in nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of cells, were found foci of infiltration of lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells. NCD in old rats caused a decrease in the number of cells in a state of degeneration and apoptosis, increased proliferative activity of cells increased the number of goblet cells. Thus, NCD restored morpho-functional structure of the mucous of the stomach and colon.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2130 (1) ◽  
pp. 012009
Author(s):  
R Karpiński ◽  
P Krakowski ◽  
J Jonak ◽  
A Machrowska ◽  
M Maciejewski ◽  
...  

Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) is currently the most generic form of joint disease. It is a complex process in which degenerative changes occur in the articular cartilage [AC], subchondral bone, and synovial membrane and can lead to permanent joint failure. The primary and most commonly used method of diagnosing degenerative changes is classic radiography. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to assess the extent of damage to joint surfaces, but this method is limited by the availability of specialised equipment and the excessive cost of the examination. Arthroscopy, an invasive procedure, is considered the “gold standard” in joint diagnosis. The occurrence of degenerative changes is closely related to the friction and lubrication processes within the joint. The main causes of osteoarthritis are a change or lack of synovial fluid, deformation of the joint bones, local damage to the articular cartilage, and a change in the mechanical properties of the articular cartilage due to water loss from the damaged superficial layer. An alternative, non-invasive method that allows for a delicate assessment of the condition of moving joints is vibroarthrography (VAG). The analysis of vibroacoustic signals generated by moving joint surfaces has an immense potential in the non-invasive assessment of the degree of damage to articular cartilage, meniscus and ligaments and the general diagnosis of degenerative diseases. The purpose of this study is to analyse and statistically compare the basic characteristics of vibroacoustic signals recorded with a CM-01B contact microphone placed on the patella for motion in the 90°–0°–90° range in a closed kinetic chain (CKC) in a control group (HC) and a group of patients diagnosed with osteoarthritis (OA), qualified for the knee alloplasty.


Author(s):  
Volodymyr Pankiv ◽  
Tetyana Yuzvenko ◽  
Nazarii Kobyliak ◽  
Ivan Pankiv

Background: In men with low levels of testosterone in the blood, it is believed that the symptoms can be regarded as an association between testosterone deficiency syndrome and related comorbidities. Aim: to investigate the effectiveness of testosterone therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and androgen deficiency. Materials and methods: Testosterone replacement therapy was carried out in 26 men with T2D and clinically or laboratory-confirmed androgen deficiency. The age of the subjects ranged from 35 to 69 years old. Laboratory studies included determinations of the concentration of the hormones estradiol, luteinizing hormone (LH), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The observation period was 9 months. Results: The average level of total blood testosterone in the subjects before treatment was 9.4 mol/l and was likely lower than that of the control group (19.3 ± 1.6 nmol/l). The levels of total testosterone in the subjects ranged from 3.9 nmol/l to 10.7 nmol/l, and hormone levels measuring less than 8.0 nmol/l were observed in only 11 patients. After a course of testosterone replacement therapy, a stabilization in total testosterone levels at the level of reference values (as compared to the start of treatment) was observed in the blood of men with T2D after 9 months of observation and the administration of the fourth injection (16.83 ± 0.75 nmol/l). Conclusion: The use of long-acting injectable testosterone undecanoate leads to normalization of total testosterone levels in the blood of men with T2D and androgen deficiency, and LH levels in these patients are unlikely to change.


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