The Fundamentals for Craniofacial Morphogenesis -A review with emphasis on the decisive dynamics

AbstractA rekindled need to widerstand details of craniofacial morphogenesis stems from the clinicians requirement to distinguish normal Variation from the effect of abnormal or pathologic processes. The understanding of the developmental blueprint is core to diagnosis, timing, planning of treatment and predicting post treatment outcomes. The morphogenesis works constantly towards a State of composite, architectonic balance among all of the separate growing parts. The various parts, developmentally merge into a functional whole with each part complementing the others as they all grow and function together. The present overview takes into account the principal fundamentals of the morphogenesis and the decisive dynamics involved therein. There is a cephalo-caudal gradient in the craniofacial growth pattern. In accordance with functional matrix theory, the major determinant of growth of maxilla and mandible is enlargement of nasal and oral cavities, which grow in response to functional needs. The craniofacial complex can be divided into four areas that grow rather differently.These are cranial vault, cranial base, nasomaxillary complex and mandible. The craniofacial morphogenesis leads to an aggregate State of structural and functional equilibrium. A thorough understanding of the process and patterns is the 'vital key' for successful therapies in this region.

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Effects of Fetus Weight, Dam Strain, Dam Weight, and Litter Size on the Craniofacial Morphogenesis of CL/Fr Mouse Fetuses Affected with Cleft Lip and Palate

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal ◽

10.1597/1545-1569_1997_034_0325_eofwds_2.3.co_2 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 325-330 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kazuaki Nonaka ◽

Yasunori Sasaki ◽

Yoshihisa Watanabe ◽

Ken-ichi Yanagita ◽

Minoru Nakata

Keyword(s):

Litter Size ◽

Cleft Lip ◽

Cleft Lip And Palate ◽

Craniofacial Morphology ◽

Strain Effect ◽

Craniofacial Growth ◽

Lateral Cephalogram ◽

Mouse Fetus ◽

Mouse Fetuses ◽

Craniofacial Morphogenesis

Objective: This study examined the factors related to the morphogenesis of the craniofacial complex of the CL/Fr mouse fetus affected with CLP based on the findings of a lateral cephalogram. Design: Embryo transfer experiments were performed to determine the effect of the fetus weight, dam strain, dam weight, and litter size on the intra-uterine craniofacial morphogenesis of CL/Fr mouse fetuses. On the 18th gestational day, each pregnant dam that had received CL/Fr mouse embryos was laparotomized to remove the transferred fetuses that had developed in the uteri of the cleft lip and palate (CLP)-susceptible CL/Fr strain dam and the CLP-resistant C57BL strain dam. A cephalometric observation of the craniofacial morphology of each fetus was subsequently performed. Results: Based on a multiple regression analysis, the standardized partial regression coefficients of the affected fetus weight, the dam weight, and the litter size on the maxillary size of the affected CL/Fr fetus were 0.71 (p < .01), 0.03, and −0.07. According to a least-squares analysis of variance, the dam strain effect in addition to the effect of the affected fetus weight on the maxillary size and the cranial size of the affected fetuses was significant (p < .01 for cranial size, p < .05 for maxillary size) and close to a significant level (p = .09) for the mandibular size of the affected fetuses. The adjusted maxillary size and cranial size after statistically eliminating the effects of the affected fetus weight, dam weight, and lifter size on each original craniofacial size of the affected fetuses that had developed in the CL/Er dam strain were also significantly smaller than those of the affected fetuses that had developed in the C57BL dam strain. Conclusions: The present results indicate that the craniofacial growth of the CL/Fr mouse fetus affected with CLP increased in proportion to the fetus weight. The dam strain effect, in addition to the effect of the affected fetus weight, could thus not be ignored when the etiology of the spontaneous CLP was examined, while the uterine environment, provided by the CL/Fr strain dam, retarded the intra-uterine craniofacial growth of the affected fetuses. It was therefore concluded that the dam strain effect, as well as the effect of the affected fetus weight, both play an important role on the craniofacial morphogenesis of the CL/Fr strain of the affected fetuses that developed in both strain dams.

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Differential binding of hyaluronan on the surface of tissue-specific endothelial cell lines.

Acta Biochimica Polonica ◽

10.18388/abp.2008_3198 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 35-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Karol Szczepanek ◽

Claudine Kieda ◽

Joanna Cichy

Keyword(s):

Endothelial Cells ◽

Endothelial Cell ◽

Tumor Cells ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Tissue Specific ◽

Independent Mechanism ◽

Differential Binding ◽

And Function ◽

Pathologic Processes ◽

Tissue Origin

Tissue-specific heterogeneity of endothelial cells, both structural and functional, plays a crucial role in physiologic as well as pathologic processes, including inflammation, autoimmune diseases and tumor metastasis. This heterogeneity primarily results from the differential expression of adhesion molecules that are involved in the interactions between endothelium and circulating immune cells or disseminating tumor cells. Among these molecules present on endothelial cells is hyaluronan (HA), a glycosaminoglycan that contributes to primary (rolling) interactions through binding to its main receptor CD44 expressed on leukocytes and tumor cells. While the regulation of CD44 expression and function on either leukocytes or tumor cells has been well characterized, much less is known about the ability of endothelial cells to express HA on their surface. Therefore, in these studies we analyzed HA levels on tissue-specific endothelium. We used endothelial cell lines of different origin, including lung, skin, gut and lymph nodes that had been established previously as model lines to study interactions between the endothelium and leukocytes/tumor cells. Our results indicate that HA is accumulated on the surface of all endothelial cells examined. Moreover, retention of endogenous HA differs between the lines and may depend on their tissue origin. Analysis of binding of exogenous HA reveals the presence of specific HA binding sites on all endothelial cell lines tested. However, the retention of endogenous HA and the binding of exogenous HA is mediated through a CD44-independent mechanism.

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The skull

Anatomy for Dental Students ◽

10.1093/oso/9780199234462.003.0031 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Martin E. Atkinson

Keyword(s):

Soft Tissues ◽

Clinical Importance ◽

Dental Students ◽

Structural Basis ◽

Facial Skeleton ◽

Lower Jaw ◽

Temporomandibular Joints ◽

Maxilla And Mandible ◽

And Function ◽

The Brain

Dental students and practitioners require a sound knowledge of the structure, growth, and development of the skull as a whole. The structure of the skull can be examined and studied more efficiently if you have access to a dried skull or one of the very good plastic replica skulls which are now available; you can identify the structures on the diagrams accompanying the following descriptions and examine a skull at the same time to appreciate the size and relationships of individual components. This chapter outlines the basic principles of the development and structure of the skull and includes some reference to individual bones where this makes understanding easier. The more detailed aspects of particular regions of the skull will be covered in the appropriate chapter describing the whole anatomy of that region; it is much easier to learn the parts of the skull in context of overall structure and function rather than learning a long list of bones, foramina, and muscle attachments in isolation from the related soft tissue structures. Only the maxilla and mandible which are bones of significant clinical importance are described as separate bones. As already demonstrated in Chapter 20, the skull is the structural basis f or the anatomy of the head. The skull has many functions. • It encloses and protects the brain. • It provides protective capsules for the eyes and middle and inner ear. • It forms the skeleton of the entrances to the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) through the nose and mouth, respectively. Those skull components that form the entrance to the GIT also house and support the teeth and soft tissues of the oral region as part of this function. As already outlined in Chapter 20, the skull is made up of several bones joined together to form the cranium which articulates with the separate mandible forming the lower jaw at the temporomandibular joints. The cranium specifically refers to the skull without the mandible; the terms ‘skull’ and ‘cranium’ are not strictly synonymous but they are frequently used as though they are. The cranium can be subdivided into the braincase enclosing the brain and the facial skeleton.

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Función motora oral del lactante como estímulo de crecimiento craneofacial / Infant Oral Motor Function as a Stimulus for Craniofacial Growth

Universitas Odontologica ◽

10.11144/javeriana.uo35-74.fmol ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 35 (74) ◽

Author(s):

Yuli Natalia López Rodríguez

Keyword(s):

Motor Function ◽

Infant Health ◽

Bone Structure ◽

Mechanical Load ◽

Craniofacial Growth ◽

Biological Mechanisms ◽

Oral Motor ◽

Oral Motor Function ◽

Face Structure ◽

And Function

Background: The growth of the craniofacial complex is essential for infant health as it is one of the best predictors of overall growth. Moreover, the facial development depends on stimuli such as suction, breathing, chewing, and swallowing, which induce an adequate facial anatomy and shape face structure. The motor activity is also influenced by the type of feeding that is part of child development. Purpose: To analyze the effects of oral motor function in the proper development of craniofacial structures in children, while considering biological mechanisms and type of feeding. Methods: A critical review of literature was carried out with the aim of analyzing the relationship between biological mechanisms, type of feeding, and infant oral functional processes as mechanisms to stimulate craniofacial growth. Results: An appropriate oral motor function induces optimal craniofacial growth. The type of feeding is a determinant of growth. Breastfeeding is essential for optimal craniofacial growth and the prevention of dentomaxillofacial anomalies. Craniofacial shape and function depend of the balance between bone structure and muscle mechanical load. Conclusion: Breastfeeding is the best way to promote growth and development of craniofacial structures, maturation of infant oral motor function and the incidence decrease of malocclusion indicators. Craniofacial growth depends of a favorable bone and muscle condition.

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Functional matrix theory

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics ◽

10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.03.012 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 127 (5) ◽

pp. 529 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marc Ausubel

Keyword(s):

Matrix Theory ◽

Functional Matrix

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Functional-matrix theory for the general linear electrical network. Part 4: Bounds on eigenvalues and network reduction

Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers ◽

10.1049/piee.1968.0136 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 115 (5) ◽

pp. 755

Author(s):

A.G.J. MacFarlane ◽

R. Sabouni

Keyword(s):

Matrix Theory ◽

General Linear ◽

Electrical Network ◽

Network Reduction ◽

Functional Matrix

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NAD metabolism in aging and cancer

Experimental Biology and Medicine ◽

10.1177/1535370220929287 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 245 (17) ◽

pp. 1594-1614 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John WR Kincaid ◽

Nathan A Berger

Keyword(s):

Redox Reactions ◽

Metabolic Disorders ◽

Therapeutic Interventions ◽

Transport Pathways ◽

Nad Metabolism ◽

Regulatory Enzymes ◽

Enzyme Substrate ◽

Cyclic Adp Ribose ◽

And Function ◽

Pathologic Processes

NAD+ and its derivatives NADH, NADP+, and NADPH are essential cofactors in redox reactions and electron transport pathways. NAD serves also as substrate for an extensive series of regulatory enzymes including cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolases, mono(ADP-ribosyl)transferases, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, and sirtuin deacetylases which are O-acetyl-ADP-ribosyltransferases. As a result of the numerous and diverse enzymes that utilize NAD as well as depend on its synthesis and concentration, significant interest has developed in its role in a variety of physiologic and pathologic processes, and therapeutic initiatives have focused both on augmenting its levels as well as inhibiting some of its pathways. In this article, we examine the biosynthesis of NAD, metabolic processes in which it is involved, and its role in aging, cancer, and other age-associated comorbidities including neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and metabolic disorders. Therapeutic interventions to augment and/or inhibit these processes are also discussed. Impact statement NAD is a central metabolite connecting energy balance and organismal growth with genomic integrity and function. It is involved in the development of malignancy and has a regulatory role in the aging process. These processes are mediated by a diverse series of enzymes whose common focus is either NAD’s biosynthesis or its utilization as a redox cofactor or enzyme substrate. These enzymes include dehydrogenases, cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolases, mono(ADP-ribosyl)transferases, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, and sirtuin deacetylases. This article describes the manifold pathways that comprise NAD metabolism and promotes an increased awareness of how perturbations in these systems may be important in disease prevention and/or progression.

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