Estimation of the in vivo metabolic rate of adipose tissue in obese mice

Promoting the browning of white fat may be a potential means of combating obesity. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of resveratrol (RES) on the body weight and browning of white fat in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice and the potential associated mechanism in vivo. Eight-week-old male mice were randomized to receive different treatments: (1), chow without any additional treatment (chow); (2), chow plus 0.4% resveratrol (chow-RES); (3), HFD without any additional treatment (HFD); and (4), HFD plus 0.4% resveratrol (HFD-RES). After 4 weeks of feeding, additional 8-week-old male recipient mice were randomly allocated to the following 4 treatments: (5), HFD and received feces from chow-fed mice; (6), HFD and received feces from chow-RES-fed mice; (7), HFD and received feces from HFD-fed mice; and (8), HFD and received feces from HFD-RES-fed mice. RES treatment significantly inhibited increases in fat accumulation, promoted the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) and alleviated gut microbiota dysbiosis in HFD-fed mice. Subsequent analyses showed that the gut microbiota remodeling induced by resveratrol had a positive role in WAT browning, and sirtuin-1 (Sirt1) signaling appears to be a key component of this process. Overall, the results show that RES may serve as a potential intervention to reduce obesity by alleviating dysbiosis of the gut microbiota.

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Fat feeding causes widespread in vivo insulin resistance, decreased energy expenditure, and obesity in rats

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1986.251.5.e576 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 251 (5) ◽

pp. E576-E583 ◽

Cited By ~ 79

Author(s):

L. H. Storlien ◽

D. E. James ◽

K. M. Burleigh ◽

D. J. Chisholm ◽

E. W. Kraegen

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Brown Adipose Tissue ◽

Whole Body ◽

Brown Adipose ◽

Glucose Output ◽

Fat Feeding

High levels of dietary fat may contribute to both insulin resistance and obesity in humans but evidence is limited. The euglycemic clamp technique combined with tracer administration was used to study insulin action in vivo in liver and individual peripheral tissues after fat feeding. Basal and nutrient-stimulated metabolic rate was assessed by open-circuit respirometry. Adult male rats were pair-fed isocaloric diets high in either carbohydrate (69% of calories; HiCHO) or fat (59% of calories; HiFAT) for 24 +/- 1 days. Feeding of the HiFAT diet resulted in a greater than 50% reduction in net whole-body glucose utilization at midphysiological insulin levels (90-100 mU/l) due to both reduced glucose disposal and, to a lesser extent, failure to suppress liver glucose output. Major suppressive effects of the HiFAT diet on glucose uptake were found in oxidative skeletal muscles (29-61%) and in brown adipose tissue (BAT; 78-90%), the latter accounting for over 20% of the whole-body effect. There was no difference in basal metabolic rate but thermogenesis in response to glucose ingestion was higher in the HiCHO group. In contrast to their reduced BAT weight, the HiFAT group accumulated more white adipose tissue, consistent with reduced energy expenditure. HiFAT feeding also resulted in major decreases in basal and insulin-stimulated conversion of glucose to lipid in liver (26-60%) and brown adipose tissue (88-90%) with relatively less effect in white adipose (0-43%). We conclude that high-fat feeding results in insulin resistance due mainly to effects in oxidative skeletal muscle and BAT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Abstract 450: Adipose Tissue Browning Induced by Natriuretic Peptide Exerts Thermogenic Actions and Improves Insulin Resistance in an in vivo Model of Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Circulation Research ◽

10.1161/res.125.suppl_1.450 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 125 (Suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Haruka Kimura ◽

Tomohisa Nagoshi ◽

Akira Yoshii ◽

Yoshiro Tanaka ◽

Yuhei Oi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Natriuretic Peptide ◽

In Vivo Model ◽

Obese Mice ◽

Tissue Browning

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Developmental changes in fatty acid synthesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue of lean and genetically obese (ob/ob) mice

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj2120393 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 212 (2) ◽

pp. 393-398 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

S W Mercer ◽

P Trayhurn

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Brown Adipose Tissue ◽

Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽

Acid Synthesis ◽

Obese Mice ◽

Carbohydrate Diet ◽

Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽

Brown Adipose

Fatty acid synthesis was measured in vivo with 3H2O in interscapular brown adipose tissue of lean and genetically obese (ob/ob) mice. At 26 days of age, before the development of hyperphagia, synthesis in brown adipose tissue was higher in the obese than in the lean mice; synthesis was also elevated in the liver, white adipose tissue and carcass of the obese mice. At 8 weeks of age, when hyperphagia was well established, synthesis remained elevated in all tissues of the obese mice, with the exception of brown adipose tissue. Elevated synthesis rates were not apparent in brown adipose tissue of the obese mice at 14 days of age, nor at 35 days of age. These results demonstrate that brown adipose tissue in ob/ob mice has a transitory hyperlipogenesis at, and just after, weaning on to a low-fat/high-carbohydrate diet. Once hyperphagia has developed, by week 5 of life, brown adipose tissue is the only major lipogenic tissue in the obese mice not to exhibit elevated rates of fatty acid synthesis; this suggests that insulin resistance develops much more rapidly in brown adipose tissue than in other lipogenic tissues of the ob/ob mouse.

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Adipocyte-Derived Microvesicles Are Associated with Multiple Angiogenic Factors and Induce Angiogenesis in Vivo and in Vitro

Endocrinology ◽

10.1210/en.2009-1023 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 151 (6) ◽

pp. 2567-2576 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Naohito Aoki ◽

Rumi Yokoyama ◽

Noriyuki Asai ◽

Makiko Ohki ◽

Yuichi Ohki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endothelial Cells ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Umbilical Vein ◽

Interferon Γ ◽

Tube Formation ◽

Angiogenic Factors ◽

Obese Mice ◽

Human Umbilical Vein ◽

Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

We previously reported that 3T3-L1 and rat primary adipocytes secreted microvesicles, known as adipocyte-derived microvesicles (ADMs). In the present study, we further characterized the 3T3-L1 ADMs and found that they exhibited angiogenic activity in vivo. Antibody arrays and gelatin zymography analyses revealed that several angiogenic and antiangiogenic proteins, including leptin, TNFα, acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGFa), interferon-γ, and matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, were present in the ADMs. Gene expression of most of these angiogenic factors was induced in the adipose tissue of diet-induced obese mice. Furthermore, leptin, TNFα, and MMP-2 were up-regulated at the protein level in the adipocyte fractions prepared from epididymal adipose tissues of high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. ADMs induced cell migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, which were partially suppressed by neutralizing antibodies to leptin, TNFα, or FGFa but not to interferon-γ. Supporting these data, a mixture of leptin, TNFα, and FGFa induced tube formation. ADMs also promoted cell invasion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells through Matrigel, which was suppressed by the addition of the MMP inhibitor 1,10′-phenanthroline and a neutralizing antibody to MMP-2 but not to MMP-9. These results suggest that ADMs are associated with multiple angiogenic factors and play a role in angiogenesis in adipose tissue.

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Pyruvate induces torpor in obese mice

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1717507115 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 115 (4) ◽

pp. 810-815 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Marion Soto ◽

Lucie Orliaguet ◽

Michelle L. Reyzer ◽

M. Lisa Manier ◽

Richard M. Caprioli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Body Temperature ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Brown Adipose Tissue ◽

Mass Spectroscopy ◽

Uncoupling Protein ◽

Obese Mice ◽

Uncoupling Protein 1 ◽

Metabolic Intermediate ◽

Brown Adipose

Mice subjected to cold or caloric deprivation can reduce body temperature and metabolic rate and enter a state of torpor. Here we show that administration of pyruvate, an energy-rich metabolic intermediate, can induce torpor in mice with diet-induced or genetic obesity. This is associated with marked hypothermia, decreased activity, and decreased metabolic rate. The drop in body temperature correlates with the degree of obesity and is blunted by housing mice at thermoneutrality. Induction of torpor by pyruvate in obese mice relies on adenosine signaling and is accompanied by changes in brain levels of hexose bisphosphate and GABA as detected by mass spectroscopy-based imaging. Pyruvate does not induce torpor in lean mice but results in the activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) with an increase in the level of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1). Denervation of BAT in lean mice blocks this increase in UCP1 and allows the pyruvate-induced torpor phenotype. Thus, pyruvate administration induces torpor in obese mice by pathways involving adenosine and GABA signaling and a failure of normal activation of BAT.

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Changes in the lipogenic response to feeding of liver, white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue during the development of obesity in the gold-thioglucose-injected mouse

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj2590651 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 259 (3) ◽

pp. 651-657 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

G J Cooney ◽

M A Vanner ◽

J L Nicks ◽

P F Williams ◽

I D Caterson

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Brown Adipose Tissue ◽

White Adipose Tissue ◽

Liver Lipid ◽

Insulin Concentration ◽

Obese Mice ◽

Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽

Gold Thioglucose ◽

Brown Adipose

Lipogenic response to feeding was measured in vivo in liver, epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT) and interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT), during the development of obesity in gold-thioglucose (GTG)-injected mice. The fatty acid synthesis after a meal was higher in all tissues of GTG-treated mice on a total-tissue basis, but the magnitude of this increase varied, depending on the tissue and the time after the initiation of obesity. Lipogenesis in BAT from GTG mice was double that of control mice for the first 2 weeks, but subsequently decreased to near control values. In WAT, lipogenesis after feeding was highest 2-4 weeks after GTG injection, and in liver, lipid synthesis in fed obese mice was greatest at 7-12 weeks after the induction of obesity. The post-prandial insulin concentration was increased after 2 weeks of obesity, and serum glucose concentration was higher in fed obese mice after 4 weeks. These results indicate that increased lipogenesis in GTG-injected mice may be due to an increase in insulin concentration after feeding and that insulin resistance (assessed by lipogenic response to insulin release) is apparent in BAT before WAT and liver.

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Role of hypoxia in obesity-induced disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism in adipose tissue

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.90760.2008 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 296 (2) ◽

pp. E333-E342 ◽

Cited By ~ 170

Author(s):

Jun Yin ◽

Zhanguo Gao ◽

Qing He ◽

Dequan Zhou ◽

ZengKui Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Insulin Receptor ◽

Glucose Uptake ◽

Fatty Acid Uptake ◽

Acid Uptake ◽

Interstitial Oxygen ◽

Obese Mice ◽

Cell Type Specificity

Recent studies suggest that adipose tissue hypoxia (ATH) may contribute to endocrine dysfunction in adipose tissue of obese mice. In this study, we examined hypoxia's effects on metabolism in adipocytes. We determined the dynamic relationship of ATH and adiposity in ob/ob mice. The interstitial oxygen pressure (Po2) was monitored in the epididymal fat pads for ATH. During weight gain from 39.5 to 55.5 g, Po2 declined from 34.8 to 20.1 mmHg, which are 40–60% lower than those in the lean mice. Insulin receptor-β (IRβ) and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) were decreased in the adipose tissue of obese mice, and the alteration was observed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes after hypoxia (1% oxygen) treatment. Insulin-induced glucose uptake and Akt Ser473 phosphorylation was blocked by hypoxia in the adipocytes. This effect of hypoxia exhibited cell type specificity, as it was not observed in L6 myotubes and βTC6 cells. In response to hypoxia, free fatty acid (FFA) uptake was reduced and lipolysis was increased in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The molecular mechanism of decreased fatty acid uptake may be related to inhibition of fatty acid transporters (FATP1 and CD36) and transcription factors (PPARγ and C/EBPα) by hypoxia. The hypoxia-induced lipolysis was observed in vivo after femoral arterial clamp. Necrosis and apoptosis were induced by hypoxia in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. These data suggest that ATH may promote FFA release and inhibit glucose uptake in adipocytes by inhibition of the insulin-signaling pathway and induction of cell death.

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