Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis

Genus Acanthamoeba causes 3 clinical syndromes amebic keratitis, granulomatous amebic encephalitis and disseminated granulomatous amebic disease (eg, sinus, skin and pulmonary infections). A total of 144 tap water samples were collected from Giza governorate, Egypt. Samples were processed for detection of Acanthamoeba species using non-nutrient agar (NNA) and were incubated at 30oC. The isolates of Acanthamoeba were identified to species level based on the morphologic criteria. Molecular characterization of the Acanthamoeba isolates to genus level was performed by using PCR. The obtained results showed that the highest occurrence percentage of Acanthamoeba species in water samples was observed in summer season (38.9%), then it decreased to be 30.6% in spring and 25% in each of autumn and winter. PCR analysis showed that 100% of 43 Acanthamoeba morphologically positive samples were positive by genus specific primer. In the present study eight species of Acanthamoeba can be morphologically recognized namely Acanthamoeba triangularis, Acanthamoeba echinulata, Acanthamoeba astronyxis, Acanthamoeba comandoni, Acanthamoeba griffini, Acanthamoeba culbertsoni, Acanthamoeba quina and Acanthamoeba lenticulata. In conclusion, the most common Acanthamoeba species in tap water was Acanthamoeba comandoni

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AMEBAS PATÓGENAS DE VIDA LIBRE DEL GÉNERO ACANTHAMOEBA EN AGUAS RECREATIVAS EN LA HUASTECA POTOSINA, MÉXICO

BIOCYT Biología Ciencia y Tecnología ◽

10.22201/fesi.20072082.2014.7.76134 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

Ricardo Ortiz Ortega ◽

Alonso Vilches Flores ◽

Marco Aurelio Rodríguez Monroy ◽

Patricia Bonilla Lemus

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Water Body ◽

Tropical Climate ◽

Dry Season ◽

Thermal Waters ◽

Free Living ◽

Severe Infections ◽

Amebic Encephalitis ◽

Animal Tests

Studies accomplished in freshwater demonstrate the importance of identify the presence of protozoa like free living amoebae (FLA). In particular, the genera Acanthamoeba is associated with severe infections in man, as the Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE). The most important factor for the development of these organisms is the high temperature of the water body. The region of the Huasteca Potosina in Mexico, with a tropical climate and great aquatic resorts, like rivers, waterfalls and pools of thermal waters, that allows the development of amoebae. In this study we evaluated the presence of amoebas in the most visited places on the Huasteca Potosina. Samples of a liter were taken in nine sites during the rainy and dry season. 54 strains of amoebas were identify, 46 belong to the genera Acanthamoeba, resulting 30 of them pathogenic in the animal tests. The pathogenic isolated amoebas were present in the most attended resorts by the people in the waterfalls or pools of the places sampling. Temperature turned out to be the most important factor for the presence of amoebae.

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Acute Amebic Encephalitis in an Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplant Recipient

Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice ◽

10.1097/ipc.0000000000000744 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 188-190 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alfonso Molina ◽

Drew J. Winston ◽

Mohammad Haeri ◽

Negar Khanlou ◽

Gary J. Schiller

Keyword(s):

Stem Cell ◽

Transplant Recipient ◽

Hematopoietic Stem Cell ◽

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant ◽

Stem Cell Transplant ◽

Cell Transplant ◽

Hematopoietic Stem ◽

Amebic Encephalitis

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Amebic Encephalitis Caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris in a Czech Child: Description of the First Case from Europe

Pathology - Research and Practice ◽

10.1016/s0344-0338(98)80033-2 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 194 (6) ◽

pp. 423-429 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Roman Kodet ◽

Eva Nohýnková ◽

Michal Tichý ◽

Jan Soukup ◽

Govinda S. Visvesvara

Keyword(s):

Balamuthia Mandrillaris ◽

First Case ◽

Amebic Encephalitis

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Fatal granulomatous amebic encephalitis caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris presenting as a skin lesion

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology ◽

10.1016/s0190-9622(03)02090-5 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 38-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Adam S Pritzker ◽

Bong K Kim ◽

Dipti Agrawal ◽

Paul M Southern ◽

Amit G Pandya

Keyword(s):

Skin Lesion ◽

Balamuthia Mandrillaris ◽

Amebic Encephalitis

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Acanthamoeba spp. and Balamuthia mandrillaris leading to fatal granulomatous amebic encephalitis

Forensic Science Medicine and Pathology ◽

10.1007/s12024-019-00202-6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 171-176 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Daniel C. Lee ◽

Steven E. Fiester ◽

Lee A. Madeline ◽

James W. Fulcher ◽

Michael E. Ward ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Balamuthia Mandrillaris ◽

Amebic Encephalitis

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1401. Minimal Cerebrospinal Concentration of Miltefosine Despite Therapeutic Plasma Levels during the Treatment of Amebic Encephalitis

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1265 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. S509-S510

Author(s):

Marguerite L Monogue ◽

Bonnie C Prokesch

Keyword(s):

External Ventricular Drain ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Brain Biopsy ◽

Brain Parenchyma ◽

Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer ◽

Post Dose ◽

Acanthamoeba Species ◽

Amebic Encephalitis

Abstract Background Miltefosine is an alkylphosphocholine compound used primarily for the treatment of leishmaniasis that also demonstrates in vitro and in vivo anti-amebic activity against Acanthamoeba species. As such, recommendations for treatment of amebic encephalitis generally include miltefosine therapy. Data support a minimum amebicidal concentration (MAC) of at least 16 μg/mL is required for most Acanthamoeba species. Given the high mortality associated with amebic encephalitis and a paucity of data regarding miltefosine levels in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in vivo, we sought to determine whether a patient being treated with oral miltefosine at a higher-than-recommended dose obtained therapeutic plasma and CSF concentrations. Methods A patient with brain-biopsy-confirmed Acanthamoeba encephalitis was initiated on miltefosine 50mg by mouth every 6 hours (q6h), a higher frequency of therapy than recommended in the scant available literature (which suggests doses of 50 mg every 8 hours). Plasma and CSF miltefosine concentrations were collected on day 7 of treatment. CSF was collected via an external ventricular drain over a period of 1 hour. The quantification of miltefosine was performed using a Waters Xevo TQ-S triple quadrupole mass spectrometer coupled with a Waters Acquity UPLC I-class system. Results The trough plasma and CSF concentrations (taken 8 hours post-dose) were 16.2 and 0.007 µg/mL, respectively, resulting in a miltefosine plasma to CSF ratio of 2,440:1 µg/mL. The patient had no adverse reactions during the initial course of miltefosine therapy, though ultimately succumbed to the disease. Conclusion This is the first report to describe plasma and CSF concentrations after administration of miltefosine 50mg q6h for the treatment of amebic encephalitis. The administration of miltefosine 50mg q6h resulted in plasma concentrations at the suggested MAC for Acanthamoebaspp. However, the miltefosine CSF concentration was extremely low compared with the plasma level and did not reach amebicidal concentrations. While miltefosine human brain parenchyma concentrations have yet to be described in the literature, this case questions if oral miltefosine is adequate to veritably treat patients with amebic encephalitis. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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