A New Method for Continuous Monitoring of Black and Odorous Water Body Using Evaluation Parameters: A Case Study in Baoding

Water is an important factor in human survival and development. With the acceleration of urbanization, the problem of black and odorous water bodies has become increasingly prominent. It not only affects the living environment of residents in the city, but also threatens their diet and water quality. Therefore, the accurate monitoring and management of urban black and odorous water bodies is particularly important. At present, when researching water quality issues, the methods of fixed-point sampling and laboratory analysis are relatively mature, but the time and labor costs are relatively high. However, empirical models using spectral characteristics and different water quality parameters often lack universal applicability. In addition, a large number of studies on black and odorous water bodies are qualitative studies of water body types, and there are few spatially continuous quantitative analyses. Quantitative research on black and odorous waters is needed to identify the risk of health and environmental problems, as well as providing more accurate guidance on mitigation and treatment methods. In order to achieve this, a universal continuous black and odorous water index (CBOWI) is proposed that can classify waters based on evaluated parameters as well as quantitatively determine the degree of pollution and trends. The model of CBOWI is obtained by partial least squares machine learning through the parameters of the national black and odorous water classification standard. The fitting accuracy and monitoring accuracy of the model are 0.971 and 0.738, respectively. This method provides a new means to monitor black and odorous waters that can also help to improve decision-making and management.

Resource-Efficient Methods to Facilitate the Preservation of a Reservoir's Self-Cleaning Potential

The aim of this research was to develop environmental methods for the restoration and rehabilitation of Moscow’s water bodies. A number of methods are recommended. These can help to improve the environmental condition and water quality of water bodiesin Moscow. Keywords: ehabilitation of water body, engineering biology, environmental preservation

Selection of Monitoring points for the Number and Infectivity of the Main Vectors of West Nile Virus in the Volgograd Region

Relevance. Since 1999, the incidence of West Nile fever has been recorded in the Volgograd region. The main vectors of West Nile virus in Russia are Cx mosquitoes. pipiens L. and Cx. modestus Fic. An objective assessment of the entomological situation and infection rate of these species within the framework of epidemiological surveillance of West Nile fever is possible only in biotopes with sufficiently high numbers of mosquitoes; therefore, the choice of sampling points is an urgent task. Purpose of the study. Analysis of the West Nile virus main vectors - mosquitoes Cx. pipiens L. and Cx. modestus Fic. average number, occurrence and infection rate at the various open biotopes of the Volgograd region to justify the choice of optimal points for entomological monitoring. Materials and methods. The catching and accounting of the mosquitoes’ number was carried out in 2015–2019 from May to August in the third decade of each month in a floodplain forest, at a personal plot, a summer cottage and on bank of water body. To catch mosquitoes, automatic traps Mosquito Magnet Executive and LovKom-1 were used. The accounting unit was the number of mosquitoes collected in both traps per trap-night. The average number, the index of occurrence and infection rate were determined by generally accepted methods. Detection of West Nile virus RNA in samples of mosquito pool suspensions was performed by RT-PCR using the AmpliSense WNV-FL reagent kit. The results were statistically processed using Microsoft Excel 2016 (Microsoft Corporation, USA). Results. In the 2015-2019 period, 17468 mosquitoes of the genus Culex: 8258 species – Cx. pipiens L., 9210 species – Cx. modestus Fic. were collected in over than 80 trap nights at the selected stationary points of the Volgograd region. Average number of Cx. pipiens L. was: in the floodplain forest – 4.6 individuals per 1 trap-night; at the personal plot – 183.9; at the summer cottage – 30.2; on the bank of water body – 194.3. Average number of Cx. modestus Fic. was: in the floodplain forest – 5.2 individuals per 1 trapnight; at the personal plot – 8.3; at the summer cottage – 2.5;on the bank of water body – 444.6. Occurrence index Cx. pipiens L. was highon the bank of water body and at the personal plot (47.1% and 44.5%, respectively), much lower – at the summer cottage (7.3%) and in the floodplain forest (1.1%). Level of WNV infection among Cx. pipiens L.on a personal plot was 5.4%, on a summer cottage – 3.6%,on the bank of water body – 2.2%. No infected samples were found among Cx. pipiens L. collected from the floodplain forest. WNV RNA in samples from mosquitoes Cx. modestus Fic. found only in individuals caughton the bank of water body. Their infection rate was 1.2%. Discussion. Ecological plasticity of Cx. pipiens L. mosquitoes allows them to live in settlements and near water bodies. Mosquitoes of the species Cx. modestus Fic. do not fly away from ponds, breeding places. Conclusion. High numbers and occurrence of the Cx. pipiens L. mosquitoes were observed at a personal plot within the city andon the bank of water body, Cx. modestus Fic. –on the bank of water body. WNV RNA positive samples were detected from mosquitoes collected at the personal plot, the summer cottage andon the bank of water body. To monitor the number and infection rate among Cx. pipiens L., points of registration and sampling should be placed in open stationson personal plots in settlements, banks of water bodies and summer cottages. We recommend to carry entomological monitoring for Cx. modestus Fic. out onlyon the banks of water bodies along the water's edge in reed thickets. The placement of the main WNV vectors number and infection rate monitoring points in the floodplain forest is not advisable.

Small Water Body Detection and Water Quality Variations with Changing Human Activity Intensity in Wuhan

Small water bodies ranging in size from 1 to 50,000 m2, are numerous, widely distributed, and have various functions in water storage, agriculture, and fisheries. Small water bodies used for agriculture and fisheries are economically significant in China, hence it is important to properly identify and analyze them. In remote sensing technology, water body identification based on band analysis, image classification, and water indices are often designed for large, homogenous water bodies. Traditional water indices are often less accurate for small water bodies, which often contain submerged or floating plants or easily confused with hill shade. Water quality inversion commonly depends on establishing the relationship between the concentration of water constituents and the observed spectral reflectance. However, individual variation in water quality in small water bodies is enormous and often far beyond the range of existing water quality inversion models. In this study, we propose a method for small water body identification and water quality estimation and test its applicability in Wuhan. The kappa coefficient of small water body identification is over 0.95, and the coefficient of determination of the water quality inversion model is over 0.9. Our results show that the method proposed in this study can be employed to accurately monitor the dynamics of small water bodies. Due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the intensity of human activities decreased. As a response, significant changes in the water quality of small water bodies were observed. The results also suggest that the water quality of small water bodies under different production modes (intensive/casual) respond differently in spatial and temporal dimensions to the decrease in human activities. These results illustrate that effective remote sensing monitoring of small water bodies can provide valuable information on water quality.

Do natural landscapes contribute to reducing Land Surface Temperature (LST)? A case study from Muthurajawela wetland, Sri Lanka

Microclimate regulation is one of the most significant ecosystem services provided by wetlands. The present study attempted to investigate the cooling effect provided by Muthurajawela, a coastal Ramsar wetland using Remote Sensing and GIS. The variation of Land Surface Temperatures (LST) over different land use categories of natural (water bodies, marsh, thick vegetation, grassland) and anthropogenic (built-up areas, coconut cultivations and bare lands) areas in 2015 and 2020. Parameters including Satellite Brightness Temperature, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Proportion of Vegetation and Land Surface Emissivity were calculated along eight transects starting from the center of the water body and extending up to 5 km from the boundary of the wetland. The results revealed that LST over areas under natural land cover (2015 - mean 25.040C, 2020 - mean 23.360C) were significantly lower than that of areas under anthropogenic influence (2015 - mean 26.520C and 2020 - mean 26.220C). The lowest increase of LST was over the water body and the highest was over the built-up areas indicating the buffering capacity of wetlands. As air temperatures are highly linked to LST, our findings suggest that wetlands contribute to lower atmospheric temperature and offer cooling effects during dry months. Acknowledging the importance of wetlands in reducing temperature, at least in a local scale, justifies the need of conserving these ecosystems, as seeking mitigatory measures for climate change driven frequent heating effects is challenging.

Smart Aero-Spider: An adaptive and selective smart switching aerator system

The recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic hit shows the emergence of increase in quality of life across various parts of the world. With this lifestyle change, people are looking towards high quality food. Fish being a major source of protein, the industry producing fish from aquaculture is booming. The proposed smart aerator system provides an integrated array of underwater systems for selective aeration of the water body. The smart system ensures targeted aeration to guarantee optimal levels of dissolved oxygen at all times. This is beneficial for perfect survival, growth, and reproduction of fishes. The strategically placed spider aerators are turned on when readings from the dissolved oxygen level at the location is below the optimum range of values. The air blower system consists of an intelligent switching system to activate the right aerator based on the requirement. The sensor data is relayed to the cloud with a wireless communication module. This data can be used for useful insights and all-round monitoring of the water body. The respective aerators have IR sensor to detect movement alongside on-board LEDs to indicate functioning status. Overall, this ensures maximum accelerated growth of healthy fishes. Thus, the solution aims at efficiently boosting the ability of the aquaculture industry to meet the ever-growing demand of consumers.