VARIACIÓN ESPACIO-TEMPORAL DE TRES ESPECIES DE TANAIDÁCEOS (CRUSTACEA: PERACARIDA) EN EL SISTEMA LAGUNAR DE MANDINGA, VERACRUZ, MÉXICO EN EL PERIODO 2008-2015

<p>The increasing anthropogenic development of the Veracruz Metropolitan Area demands the updating and monitoring of the region’s biodiversity, particularly on the spatial-temporal dynamics of those potential indicator groups of any disturbance. We present the first study on the Tanaidaceans of the Lagunar System of Mandinga, Veracruz, Mexico. Seven collections were made on submerged vegetation and sediments in dry season from 2008 to 2015 and one in the rainy season of the first year. Organisms were collected with a dredger and a Renfro-like net on submerged vegetation. One species from the suborder Apsudomorpha, <em>Discapseudes (Discapseudes) mexicanus</em> Gutu, 2006 and two from the suborder Tanaidomorpha, <em>Chondrochelia dubia</em> (Krøyer, 1842) and <em>Hargeria rapax</em> (Harger, 1879). The former recorded the highest distribution and abundance during the study period, confirming that <em>D. mexicanus </em>is a tanaidacean characteristic of the coastal systems of the Gulf of Mexico and it is associated with environments with high organic content in the sediments, while the other species were collected with lower abundances. In general, the downward trend in its abundance is noticeable over time, a fact that can be attributed to the constant modifications and alterations that SLM has undergone throughout the study period.</p>

CRECIMIENTO Y ASPECTOS TROFICOS DEL PEZ LEON ROJO PTEROIS VOLITANS (SCORPAENIFORMES: SCORPAENIDAE) EN EL PARQUE NACIONAL SISTEMA ARRECIFAL VERACRUZANO (PNSAV), VERACRUZ, MÉXICO

<p>The lionfish <em>Pterois volitans</em>, is an predator in coral system, whose diet is composed of small fish and crustaceans, impacting species of ecological and commercial importance. <em>P. volitans</em> is an exotic species in the Gulf of Mexico with high colonization capacity. The present study describes its population structure, type of growth and trophic dynamics. 97 organisms of the PNSAV were obtained, 64 females (185±6,7 mm LP; 257,6±27,8 g) and 22 males (183±15,8 mm of LP; 273,5±62,6 g). Whit the Battacharya model, four size classes were obtained for females (15,3; 25,3; 28,2, and 31,8 cm) and six for males (9,87; 17,95; 22,95; 26,95; 30,95 and 33,95), being the size class 1 for both sexes the most abundant. The length-weight relationship was of the potential type (r²=0,9643, b=3,1574 females, and r²=0,9843 and b=3,1089 males), and growth of allometric type for both sexes. The growth model that best adjusted to the data was that of Gompertz, (L_∞=324 mm, k=0,99, t₀=0,694 females and L₀₀=379,4, k=0,468, t₀=0,719 males). The families of fish identified in the stomach contents were Ophididae, Serranidae, Haemulidae, Pomacentridae, Beloniidae, Achiridae, and crustaceans Portunidae, Penaeidae, Squillida<em>e</em> and Diogenidae. Being <em>Haemulon aurolineatum</em> (Haemulidae) and <em>Xiphopenaeus kroyeri</em> (Penaeidae) the most important prey. The presence of lionfish in the PNSAV is recent, so the information presented in this research will allow us to understand its population dynamics and its adaptation to the PNSAV, contributing to its management and control.</p>

CHROMOSOMAL ANALYSIS OF PEROMYSCUS GRATUS (CRICETIDAE) OF TECAMACHALCO, PUEBLA, MEXICO

<p>The description was made of the karyotype of <em>Peromyscus gratus</em> (Cricetidae) in the municipality of Tecamachalco, Puebla. Performing the technique of bone marrow extraction, in the obtention of chromosome, G bands was used Trypsin and for C bands a Barium Hydroxide solution was employed. <em>P</em>. <em>gratus</em> presents a diploid number of 2n = 48 and a fundamental number of NF = 54, the autosomes correspond to one metacentric, one submetacentric, two subtelocentric and 19 pairs telocentric from large to small. The sex chromosome X was subtelocentric and the Y was submetacentric unlike other populations of the species. The chromosomal banding pattern G was obtained. As for chromosome C banding, it was found that the constitutive heterochromatin was in the centromeric regions of the chromosomes.</p>

TROPHIC ECOLOGY OF GIRARDINICHTHYS MULTIRADIATUS (MEEK, 1904) (PISCES: GOODEIDAE) IN THE SALAZAR LAGOON, STATE OF MEXICO, MEXICO

<p><em>Girardinichthys multiradiatus </em>is a viviparous fish endemic to Mexico located in the Lerma, Balsas and Panuco Hydrological Basins. In the State of Mexico, it is distributed mainly in the Rio Lerma Basin, and despite the relevance of this species due to its endemism, studies on its food are scarce even though they are fundamental to the knowledge of its biology. The specimens were collected in the Salazar Lagoon, in total 204 stomachs of this species (82 females and 122 males) were examined during an annual cycle. Percentages in number, weight and frequency, Zander's food importance index and Levins trophic niche amplitude were obtained for the analysis of stomach content. <em>G. multiradiatus</em> consumed 14 type food items and according to Zander index bivalves and gastropods, were essential dietary food for both sexes during study period. According to Levins index, the niche amplitude was low, so it is considered a specialist. In Salazar, mollusks and crustaceans were the basis of <em>G. multiradiatus'</em> diet. This species is carnivorous and the results in Salazar show variations in their diet compared to other reservoirs studied, which makes it necessary to carry out more studies on their trophic ecology in the environments of the State of Mexico in order to propose alternatives of conservation.</p>

WILDLIFE ASSOCIATED WITH A COFFEE PLANTATION IN CORDOBA, VERACRUZ, MEXICO

<p>The coffee plantations have been considered refuges of biological diversity, the faunistic studies in this type of agroecosystems are of great importance for the knowledge and conservation of the fauna. The objective of the present study was to know the wild fauna and the status of conservation of the species present in the farm "El Chorrito". Sixty-one species were recorded, 24 corresponding to avifauna, 20 to herpetofauna and 17 to mastofauna; this represents 3.4% of the avifauna reported for the Estado de Veracruz, 11.11% of the herpetofauna reported for the country's coffee plantations and 3.21% of the 529 species of mammals reported for Mexico; 18 of these are found in the NOM-059, seven in the IUCN red list and 18 in the CITES appendix. The presence of species with some sensitivity to disturbance is similar in an undisturbed habitat and a farm. The coffee plantations are an excellent habitat because the animals find shelter and constant food, which suggests a high degree of conservation of the place. Small mammals and birds are part of the biological groups that are considered ecological indicators of the role that coffee plantations play in the protection of habitat biodiversity, as a result of different management or degree of conservation. Four species were observed on the farm that can be considered as detector species since they can provide information on habitat quality. It can be concluded that there is a similarity with the surrounding forest in terms of fauna.</p>

ESTIMACIÓN PUNTUAL DE LA RELACIÓN FECUNDIDAD-LONGITUD DE GRAPTOCORIXA ABDOMINALIS (HEMIPTERA, CORIXIDAE) EN EL ESTANQUE PISCÍCOLA JORGE FACIO, ESTADO DE MÉXICO, MÉXICO

<p>Se analiza de manera puntual la relación fecundidad-longitud de <em>Graptocorixa abdominalis</em> en el estanque piscícola Jorge Facio, Estado de México. Se ubicaron tres estaciones de muestreo en la zona litoral del estanque (A, B y C) y en cada una se midió: temperatura del agua, pH, conductividad, oxígeno disuelto, alcalinidad, dureza y turbiedad. Los insectos fueron capturados con una red de cuchara de 50 X 30 cm de marco y barriendo un área de un metro cuadrado. Se analizaron en total 237 hembras: 65 de la estación A, 60 en la estación B y 112 de la estación C. El mayor número de huevecillos se registró en una hembra de 6.94 mm con 64 y el menor número de huevecillos en una hembra de 6.60 mm con un huevecillo. La mayor relación fecundidad-longitud se presentó en la estación C (F=21.803 L^-0.032), seguida de la estación B (F=16.284 L^0.1097) y la estación A (F=8.2802 L^0.2725). La longitud promedio de <em>G</em>. <em>abdominalis</em> fue 7.65 mm y la fecundidad promedio fue 24.3 huevecillos. Se concluye que los parámetros ambientales registrados en éste periodo de trabajo en cada estación de muestreo no presentaron fluctuaciones notables pero su influencia sobre la fecundidad de <em>G</em>. <em>abdominalis</em> fue considerable.</p>

RHIZOPHORA MANGLE LINNAEUS, 1753 COMO ESPECIE SOMBRILLA Y RAZÓN BIOLÓGICA PARA LA PROTECCIÓN Y RESTAURACIÓN DE LA LAGUNA DE TAMPAMACHOCO, VERACRUZ, MÉXICO

Coastal development is a major anthropogenic factors that modify and degrade the coastal<br />lagoons and mangrove swamps of Mexico, for this reason, the aim of this work is to highlight<br />the importance of representing the red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) at the biological and<br />ecological coastal ecosystems and conceptualize it as an umbrella species for the lake<br />Tampamachoco to generate initiatives to protect and restore the lagoon system as signs of<br />deterioration and contamination. Proposes strategies and actions for restoration and protection<br />of the lagoon Tampamachoco to safeguard the flora and fauna that protects the red mangrove,<br />improved hydrological conditions of the lagoon and retrieve important species and commercial<br />fisheries which are certain to reactivate economic income fisheries and restaurant.

DISTRIBUTION OF TRIATOMINES (HETEROPTERA: REDUVIIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN HABITATION AND POTENTIAL RISK AREAS IN SIX STATES OF THE MEXICAN REPUBLIC

Chagas disease is a real public health problem in Latin America, caused by the flagellate protozoan<br />Trypanosoma cruzi and described by Carlos Chagas in 1909. T. cruzi is transmitted by bloodsucking<br />insects of the subfamily Triatominae which thrive in sylvatic, peridomestic, and domestic habitats,<br />being in the latter two a potential risk to public health because of their role as vectors. We review the<br />distribution of triatomines associated with human habitation and their natural infection with T. cruzi<br />from the states of Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, and Oaxaca. Based on<br />samples received in the Laboratory of Entomology of the Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and<br />Reference (InDRE-SSA) during the period 2006 to 2010, distribution maps and stratification of potential<br />areas of risk were made. A total of 1910 specimens of seven species of triatomines were identified.<br />Triatoma barberi, Meccus longipennis and M. pallidipennis were the species with the highest rate of<br />infection with T. cruzi; M. pallidipennis and T. dimidiata were the most widely distributed species.

MODELACIÓN POR COMPARACIÓN Y ACOPLAMIENTO MULTIMÉRICO DE LA PROTEÍNA EXTERIOR PEQUEÑA DE LA CÁPSIDE DEL BACTERIÓFAGO IME08

The small outer capsid protein plays a stabilizing role in the viral assembly, adhering to the<br />capsid during the later stages of maturation. This protein acts as glue among adjacent<br />capsomers, protecting the virus against extreme changes. The small outer capsid protein of the<br />bacteriophage IME08 was modelled using structural protein homology. A trimeric protein<br />docking was developed with the best-scored model and important sites of the molecules<br />interfaces were identified. It was used the Swiss Model platform for developing the protein<br />structure. Reliability was assessed by the QMEAN, Verify3D and ERRAT indices. The quality of<br />the whole model was verified by Ramachandran plot and the trimerization model was<br />performed on the platform ClusPro 2.0 Protein-Protein Docking. The structure obtained has a<br />reliability estimator QMEANscore4 of 0.769, rating it as a suitable model. The Z-Score QMEAN<br />value was 0.133, showing that the obtained model is not different from the experimental<br />structures stored in PDB database. The estimators and the Ramachandran plot evaluated<br />positively the model. Finally we identified a loop between two secondary structures as an<br />important site of the interaction of small outer capsid proteins, indicating that from residues 35<br />to 41 are relevant in the trimerization process.

SOBRE LA PRESENCIA DE MOSCAS CALIFÓRIDAS (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE) EN CADÁVERES DE JUVENILES DE COCODRILO AMERICANO (CROCODYLUS ACUTUS) EN PUERTO VALLARTA, JALISCO

La entomología forense es una de las ciencias forenses que ha adquirido gran popularidad en<br />las últimas décadas, por lo que se piensa que es nueva. Sin embargo, tiene una larga historia<br />que data de la mitad del siglo X en China.<br />Entre los principales objetivos de esta ciencia se tiene el uso de los insectos para estimar<br />el intervalo posmortem, conocimiento potencialmente útil en el análisis de homicidios. Es decir,<br />el estudio entomológico puede ser aplicado para determinar si un cadáver ha sido movido<br />después de la muerte, indicar la presencia y posición de heridas, evidenciar el uso de drogas<br />prohibidas o situar a un sospechoso en la escena del crimen; además, puede ser empleado para<br />resolver casos de abuso o desatención en humanos y animales.