Investigation of Cylindrical Steel Tank Damage at Wineries during Earthquakes: Lessons Learned and Mitigation Opportunities

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 04016004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica C. Fischer ◽  
Judy Liu ◽  
Amit H. Varma
Keyword(s):  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Steel Tank ◽  
Cylindrical Steel

Laboratory formation of border ice and frazil slush

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. O'D. Hanley ◽  
B. Michel
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Cold Room ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Steel Tank ◽  
Cylindrical Steel ◽  
Variable Speed Motor ◽  
Water Speed

Ice formation under controlled conditions was studied in a cold room using a cylindrical steel tank 120 cm in diameter and 76 cm deep. Paddles turned by a variable speed motor moved the water about the axis of the tank. Twenty-one thermistors were used to record temperatures above and below the surface of the water. Ice was allowed to form with the cold room temperature held at −2 °C, −5 °C, −10 °C, and −20 °C and with water speeds (measured 4 cm from the tank wall) from 0 to 73 cm/s.At zero water speed ice formed first as needles randomly oriented over the surface. With flowing water, border ice width increased linearly with time, but independently of water speed. The rate of increase of the border width w fits the equation dw/dt = (4/9)|Ta|0.68 where Ta is the Celsius air temperature.Frazil was never observed at water speeds less than 24 cm/s, but was always formed at this or greater speeds, regardless of cold room temperature. The volume of slush accumulated was greater at greater water speeds and at colder air temperatures. Observed slush volumes are compared with semiempirical values of the ice mass obtained from theoretical equations. The data suggest that growth of ice crystals began when the water was supercooled by approximately 0.02 °C.

scholarly journals The modal analysis of cylindrical steel tank with selfsupported roof filled with different level of liquid

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-212
Author(s):  
Daniel Burkacki ◽  
Michał Wójcik ◽  
Robert Jankowski
Keyword(s):  
Modal Analysis ◽  
Natural Frequencies ◽  
Environmental Disaster ◽  
Natural Modes ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Safety And Reliability ◽  
Steel Tank ◽  
Steel Tanks ◽  
Cylindrical Steel Tanks ◽  
Cylindrical Steel

In technical branches, such as chemical or petroleum industries, cylindrical steel tanks are essential structures used for storage of liquid products. Therefore, their safety and reliability is essential, because any failure might have dangerous consequences, in extreme cases may even lead to an environmental disaster. The aim of the presented paper is to show the results of the modal analysis concerning the cylindrical steel tank with self-supported roof which has been constructed in northern Poland. The investigation was carried out with the use of the FEM commercial computer program Abaqus. The values of natural frequencies, as well as the natural modes, for different levels of liquid filling (empty tank, partly filled and tank fully filled) were determined in the study. The results of the study clearly indicate that the increase in the liquid level leads to the substantial decrease in the natural frequencies of the structure.

scholarly journals BUILDING 3D SURFACES OF LAND STORAGE VERTICAL CYLINDRICAL STEEL TANK USING BICUBIC SPLINE INTERPOLATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
Kostyantyn Burak ◽  
Vitaliy Kovtun ◽  
Mary Nychvyd
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Spline Interpolation ◽  
Geometric Parameters ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Bicubic Spline ◽  
3D Surface ◽  
Nominal Capacity ◽  
Steel Tank ◽  
Steel Tanks ◽  
Cylindrical Steel

The purpose of this work is to increase the accuracy, quality and information content of geodetic surveys of vertical steel tanks by using modern geodetic equipment and creating algorithms for data processing of these observations. Method. In order to increase the information content of data for straightening, it is proposed to calculate the geometric parameters of vertical steel tanks not only in places where data are directly obtained through instrumental observations, but also at any point of the 3D surface of the tank. The paper describes an algorithm for creating a 3D surface of a tank by bicubic spline interpolation (BSI). Results on the basis of the conducted research, it was established that the developed algorithm could be used and the 3D-surface spatial coordinates were determined. The method of determining the geometric parameters of vertical steel tanks by using BSI is improved. Scientific novelty and practical significance. Bicubic spline interpolation (BSI) was used for the first time. It greatly increases the accuracy and informality of the results of the control. The practical significance is confirmed by the control of the geometric parameters of a vertical cylindrical steel tank with a nominal capacity of 75.000 m3 with a floating roof and a double wall of the LODS “Brody” company.

scholarly journals Effect of settlement of foundations on the failure risk of the bottom of cylindrical steel vertical tanks for liquids

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugeniusz Hotala ◽  
Rajmund Ignatowicz
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Numerical Analyses ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Steel Sheets ◽  
Failure Risk ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Steel Tank ◽  
Soil Settlement ◽  
Tank Bottom ◽  
Cylindrical Steel

AbstractDifferent types of foundations are used in steel, above-ground cylindrical storage tanks for liquids. If a sand-gravel foundation is used under the entire bottom of the tank or only in the central part of the tank, settlement can be expected, and it increases after many years of operation. The paper presents the typical kinds and types of soil settlements under the bottoms of the tanks, in which different types of foundations were used. Numerical analyses of the effect of the soil settlement on the state of deformations and stresses in steel sheets of the bottom under one of the real tanks, in which different types of foundations and different cases of settlement were assumed. The results of numerical analyses indicated the possibility of evaluating the state of the soil settlement and bottom sheet deformations on the basis of simple measurements of deformations of the lower part of the tank cylinder. These measurements can be very useful in assessing the possible risk of failure of the tank bottom during each period of its operation, as measurements of settlement of the bottom of a filled tank are not feasible in practice. It has been proposed that in each steel tank, the deformation of the cylinder’s sheets should be measured even before the beginning of exploitation, and that in subsequent periodical measurements, the influence of the soil settlement under the tank on the state of the cylinder deformation and bottom’s strain should be assessed more accurately.

Natural Frequency Measurements of the Fluid-elastic-coupled Shell Plate Vibration in a Large-sized Cylindrical Steel Tank by Microtremor Observations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Hatayama ◽  
Shinsaku Zama ◽  
Shoichi Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
Natural Frequency ◽  
Fundamental Mode ◽  
Natural Frequencies ◽  
Plate Vibration ◽  
Spectral Ratios ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Fixed Base ◽  
Steel Tank ◽  
Shell Plate ◽  
Cylindrical Steel

Abstract Microtremor observations measured the natural frequencies of the fluid-elastic-coupled shell plate vibration (bulging) in a large flat-bottomed cylindrical steel tank with a 125,000-m3 capacity. Five peaks appear in the observed microtremor spectral ratios of the top or mid-height of the shell plate to the bottom on the tank foundation. Comparing the spectral ratios to the solutions obtained by FEM eigenvalue analysis assuming a fixed base suggests that the five peaks are the bulging modes of (m, n)=(1, 1 to 5), where m and n denote the vertical order and the circumferential wavenumber, respectively. The measured non-soil-coupled natural frequencies from the spectral ratio agree fairly well with those obtained from FEM analysis. The measured natural frequencies of the fundamental mode (m=n=1) also agree well with those projected by a simplified equation developed under the assumption of a fixed base, which is adopted in the seismic codes of the Japanese Fire Service Act. This equation should provide a reliable soil-coupled natural frequency of the fundamental mode for a tank situated on firm ground in which the storage-soil-coupled effects are presumed weak. Additionally, a simple method is presented to determine the non-soil-coupled natural frequency of the fundamental mode from the observed microtremor spectral ratios without referencing the FEM eigenvalue solutions. This simple method works very well for the tank examined.

Measurement of Natural Frequencies of the Fluid-Elastic-Coupled Shell Plate Vibration of a Large-Sized Cylindrical Steel Tank by Microtremor Observation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Hatayama ◽  
Shinsaku Zama ◽  
Shoichi Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
Natural Frequency ◽  
Fundamental Mode ◽  
Natural Frequencies ◽  
Fem Analysis ◽  
Plate Vibration ◽  
Spectral Ratios ◽  
Fixed Base ◽  
Steel Tank ◽  
Shell Plate ◽  
Cylindrical Steel

We measured the natural frequencies of the fluid-elastic-coupled shell plate vibration excited in a large-sized, flat-bottomed, cylindrical steel tank by observing microtremors at three points of the tank. By comparing the appearance frequencies and the values of the five peaks seen in the observed microtremor spectral ratios of the top or mid-height of the shell plate to the bottom on the tank foundation with the solutions obtained from a fixed-base FEM eigenvalue analysis, we identified the five peaks as belonging to modes (m, n) = (1, 1–5), with m specifying the vertical order and n the circumferential wave number. The measured non-soil-coupled natural frequencies from the spectral ratio agreed fairly well with those obtained from theory using the FEM analysis. The measured frequencies of the fundamental mode (m = n = 1) were also in good agreements with those estimates using a simplified equation assuming a fixed base adopted in seismic codes of the Japanese Fire Service Act. This equation is expected to provide a reliable soil-coupled fundamental-mode natural frequency for a tank resting on firm ground; the storage-soil-coupled effects are presumed to be weak. Without using an FEM analysis, we present a simple approach to determine the non-soil-coupled fundamental-mode natural frequency solely from the observed microtremor spectral ratios. This simplified procedure works very well for the tank examined.

Stresses in the zone of process openings in the shell of a vertical cylindrical steel tank

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
Jerzy Ziólko ◽  
Ewa Supernak ◽  
Tomasz Mikulski
Keyword(s):  
Steel Tank ◽  
Cylindrical Steel

scholarly journals Experimental Study on Steel Tank Model Using Shaking Table/ Badania Eksperymentalne Modelu Zbiornika Stalowego Na Stole Sejsmicznym

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Burkacki ◽  
Robert Jankowski
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Shaking Table ◽  
Scaled Model ◽  
Tank Model ◽  
Steel Tank ◽  
Steel Tanks ◽  
Cylindrical Steel Tanks ◽  
Cylindrical Steel ◽  
Mining Tremors ◽  
Dynamic Excitations

Abstract Cylindrical steel tanks are very popular structures used for storage of products of chemical and petroleum industries. Earthquakes are the most dangerous and also the most unpredictable dynamic loads acting on such structures. On the other hand, mining tremors are usually considered to be less severe due to lower acceleration levels observed. The aim of the present paper is to show the results of the experimental study which has been conducted on a scaled model of a real tank located in Poland. The investigation has been carried out under different dynamic excitations (earthquakes and mining tremors) using the shaking table. The results of the study indicate that stored product may significantly influence the values of dynamic parameters and confirm that the level of liquid filling is really essential in the structural analysis. The comparison of the response under moderate earthquakes and mining tremors indicate that the second excitation may be more severe in some cases.

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