Urban Land-Use Patterns: An International Comparison

1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
N J Glickman ◽  
Michelle J White
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Spatial Change ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
The 1960S

This paper performs a comparative analysis of urban form and metropolitan spatial change by use of estimates of population-density functions for samples of cities in the United States, Great Britain, West Germany, and Japan. We find widespread evidence of decentralization during the 1960s in cities in all countries except West Germany. Comparing small and large cities, we also find that central density levels are higher and density gradients flatter for larger cities in all four samples. Both of these results tend to verify the predictions of the standard urban economic models. However, contrary to these models, we find that cities in richer countries are not necessarily more decentralized than cities in countries with lower income levels.

Conclusion

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Udi Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Student Movements ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Small Organizations ◽  
New Vision ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
New Generation

This chapter considers the new vision of democracy ushered in by the generation of the 1960s. Unlike the architects of the postwar order, left-wing students challenged, rather than celebrated, the legitimacy of elected institutions and party politics. Parliaments were merely stages for oligarchies, tools for self-perpetuating elites. In both West Germany and the United States, students claimed that state institutions inevitably reinforced rigid hierarchies and oppressive norms. A “true” democracy could not be built by state agencies. Rather, it would emerge from “autonomy,” from small organizations, student movements, NGOs, and, later, human rights organizations. When the frustration and anger of this new generation exploded in protest in the late 1960s, German émigrés were among its main targets. Student journals and pamphlets frequently attacked and ridiculed the leading thinkers of the older generation. Such criticism was especially ferocious in West Germany, where returning émigrés came to represent Cold War ties with an amoral and depraved United States.

scholarly journals Exploring the Spatial and Temporal Relationship between Air Quality and Urban Land-Use Patterns Based on an Integrated Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-An Ku
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Temporal Relationship ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Mitigation Planning

The deterioration of air quality in urban areas is often closely related to urbanization, as this has led to a significant increase in energy consumption and the massive emission of air pollutants, thereby exacerbating the current state of air pollution. However, the relationship between urban development and air quality is complex, thus making it difficult to be analyzed using traditional methods. In this paper, a framework integrating spatial analysis and statistical methods (based on 170 regression models) is developed to explore the spatial and temporal relationship between urban land use patterns and air quality, aiming to provide solid information for mitigation planning. The thresholds for the influence of urban patterns are examined using different buffer zones. In addition, the differences in the effects of various types of land use pattern on air quality were also explored. The results show that there were significant differences between 1999 and 2013 with regards to the correlations between land use patterns and air pollutant concentrations. Among all land uses, forest, water and built-up areas were proved to influence concentrations the most. It is suggested that the developed framework should be applied further in the real-world mitigation planning decision-making process

Chracterizing urban land use patterns by variograms parameters from multispectral high spatial resolution satellite images: An application in Salvador, Bahia - Brazil

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Barros ◽  
Patricia Lustosa Brito ◽  
Ana Paula Camargo Larroca ◽  
Mariana Abrantes Giannotti ◽  
Eduardo Jun Shinohara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Use Patterns

Cellular Automata and Fractal Urban Form: A Cellular Modelling Approach to the Evolution of Urban Land-Use Patterns

1993 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1175-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
R White ◽  
G Engelen
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Cellular Automata ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Fractal Dimensions ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Type Data ◽  
High Level

Cellular automata belong to a family of discrete, connectionist techniques being used to investigate fundamental principles of dynamics, evolution, and self-organization. In this paper, a cellular automaton is developed to model the spatial structure of urban land use over time. For realistic parameter values, the model produces fractal or bifractal land-use structures for the urbanized area and for each individual land-use type. Data for a set of US cities show that they have very similar fractal dimensions. The cellular approach makes it possible to achieve a high level of spatial detail and realism and to link the results directly to general theories of structural evolution.

scholarly journals Urban green and grey space in relation to respiratory health in children

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 1502112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Tischer ◽  
Mireia Gascon ◽  
Ana Fernández-Somoano ◽  
Adonina Tardón ◽  
Aitana Lertxundi Materola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Respiratory Health ◽  
Estimating Equation ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Residential Proximity ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Normalised Difference Vegetation Index

We assessed the effect of three different indices of urban built environment on allergic and respiratory conditions.This study involved 2472 children participating in the ongoing INMA birth cohort located in two bio-geographic regions (Euro-Siberian and Mediterranean) in Spain. Residential surrounding built environment was characterised as 1) residential surrounding greenness based on satellite-derived normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), 2) residential proximity to green spaces and 3) residential surrounding greyness based on urban land use patterns. Information on wheezing, bronchitis, asthma and allergic rhinitis up to age 4 years was obtained from parent-completed questionnaires. Logistic regression and generalised estimating equation modelling were performed.Among children from the Euro-Siberian region, higher residential surrounding greenness and higher proximity to green spaces were negatively associated with wheezing. In the Mediterranean region, higher residential proximity to green spaces was associated with a reduced risk for bronchitis. A higher amount of residential surrounding greyness was found to increase the risk for bronchitis in this region.Associations between indices of urban residential greenness and greyness with respiratory diseases differ by region. The pathways underlying these associations require further exploration.

Energy efficiency and equity of various urban land use patterns

Urban Ecology ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sharpe
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Use Patterns

The Fractal Forms of Urban Land Use Patterns

2015 ◽  
pp. 87-102
Author(s):  
Roger White ◽  
Guy Engelen ◽  
Inge Uljee
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Use Patterns

Economic Aspects of Urban Land Use Patterns

1958 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest M. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Use Patterns

The Improbable Permanence of a Commitment: America's Troop Presence in Europe during the Cold War

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Fundamental Feature ◽  
Global Policy ◽  
Long Time ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Cold War

This article elucidates a fundamental feature of transatlantic relations during the Cold War: the presence of more than 250,000 U.S. troops in Europe, mainly in West Germany, from 1952 through 1990. The article explains why this unprecedented commitment was extended for such a long time, despite intense domestic debates in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s. Opposition to the troop commitment was particularly strong in Congress. The article shows that the long-term stationing of U.S. troops in Europe was more precarious than often assumed. The article also shows that the debates in the 1960s and 1970s were instrumental in establishing the acceptance of long-term military commitments abroad as a feature of U.S. global policy.

Host dispersal and landscape conversion are associated with the composition of haemosporidian parasites of the golden-winged warbler

Parasitology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea Enslow ◽  
Rachel Vallender ◽  
Emily Rondel ◽  
Nicola Koper
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Prevalence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Blood Parasites ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
North West ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Change Factors ◽  
The North ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Distributions

AbstractUnderstanding factors that influence the spatial and temporal distributions of blood parasites is important to help predict how host species and their parasites may respond to global change. Factors that may influence parasite distributions are land cover and host dispersal patterns, which may result in exposure of a host to novel parasites, or escape from parasites of their origin. We screened golden-winged warblers from across the United States and Canada for blood parasites, and investigated whether land-use patterns or host dispersal affected the prevalence and composition of haemosporidian assemblages. Parasite prevalence varied strongly with study area, and areas with high agricultural cover had a significantly higher prevalence of Leucocytozoon and Parahaemoproteus parasites. Lineages of Parahaemoproteus and Leucocytozoon were genetically differentiated among study areas, and prevalence and composition of parasite assemblages indicated an increase in parasite prevalence and accumulation of unique parasite lineages from the southeast to the northwest. This matches the historical range expansion and natal dispersal patterns of golden-winged warblers, and suggests that golden-winged warblers may have been sensitive to novel parasites as they dispersed. The high prevalence and diversity of parasite lineages in the north-west extent of their breeding range (Manitoba) indicates that this population may face unique pressures.

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