A comparison of cattle tick control by "conventional" acaricidal treatment, planned dipping, and pasture spelling

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 841 ◽  
Author(s):  
KLS Harley ◽  
PR Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
Tropical Area ◽  
The Right ◽  
Tick Burden ◽  
Cattle Tick Control

Three comparable herds of cattle were grazed in a wet tropical area of north Queensland for the comparison of control measures against the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. The cattle tick infestation of one herd was controlled by simulated "conventional" methods, the cattle receiving acaricidal treatment when the count of "standard" ticks (0.5 cm or more in length) on the right side averaged 20 or more per animal. The tick infestation of the second herd was controlled by dipping in acaricide at 21-day intervals, so that few of the tick larvae attaching to the cattle between dippings reached maturity. This was continued until the larval population in the pasture was greatly depleted. The procedure, for which the term planned dipping has been proposed, was repeated when the count of standard ticks on the right side averaged more than 20 per animal. The tick infestation of the third herd was controlled by grazing alternately in two adjacent paddocks, the interval between each transfer being sufficient to ensure that most of the ticks in the unstocked paddock had died. Acaricidal treatment was applied at times of paddock changes and also at other times if the tick count was more than 20 per animal. This procedure is known as pasture spelling. Over the 2 years of the experiment, planned dipping and pasture spelling resulted in increased efficiency in tick control. In comparison with the herd given conventional tick control, planned dipping resulted in no reduction in the number of acaricidal treatments, but the tick burden was reduced by 79%. Pasture spelling resulted in the number of acaricidal treatments being reduced by 60% and the tick burden by 64%.

The spelling of pasture in cattle tick control

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 414 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Field Trial ◽  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Cattle Tick Control

When two comparable herds of cattle were kept continuously in adjoining paddocks, frequent acaricidal treatment was necessary to control ticks (Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) ). Thereafter, one of the two herds was grazed alternately in its own and an adjacent paddock, the intervals between each transfer being sufficient to ensure that most of the ticks in the unoccupied paddock had died. Tick infestations on this herd were greatly reduced, and less frequent use of acaricides was necessary. The herd remaining in the continuously stocked pasture continued to need acaricidal treatment for recurring tick infestation. In a field trial with 350–400 cattle moved a t intervals to each of three formerly heavily infested paddocks, tick infestations remained very light, although the herd was dipped only In January, September, and the following January. A control herd on continuously stocked pasture, treated at the owner's discretion, required eight dippings in this period. This procedure of "pasture spelling" seems likely to be widely applicable in central Queensland.

A comparison of cattle tick control by pasture spelling, planned dipping, and tick-resistant cattle

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 783 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Wharton ◽  
KLS Harley ◽  
PR Wilkinson ◽  
KB Utech ◽  
BM Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Mature Female ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Artificial Infestation ◽  
Wet Tropics ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
The Right ◽  
Tick Burden

Control of Boophilus microplus by pasture spelling, planned dipping, and simulated "conventional" control methods was compared in duplicate herds of British cattle, and by simulated "conventional" control methods in duplicate herds of Zebu x British and a single mixed herd of Zebu x British and British cattle. Herds under conventional control were treated with an acaricide (dipped) when the count of "standard" ticks (5 mm or more in length) on the right side averaged 20 or more per animal. Herds under pasture spelling grazed alternately in two adjacent paddocks; the summer spelling period was 3½ months, followed by spelling periods of 4½ months, and cattle were dipped on transfer between paddocks. Herds under planned dipping were dipped at 21-day intervals until few larvae remained on the pasture, this treatment being repeated when the count of standard ticks averaged more than 20 per animal. Observations over 2 years confirmed the results of an earlier experiment which showed that pasture spelling and planned dipping resulted in increased efficiency of tick control. Compared with British herds under conventional control which required dipping on 19 and 20 occasions, herds managed by pasture spelling were dipped only on seven occasions and showed a mean reduction of 81% in tick burden. Herds subjected to planned dipping required 18 treatments but the tick burden was reduced by 83%. The two Zebu x British herds required dipping on four and 10 occasions and showed a mean reduction in tick burden of 39% compared with British herds under conventional control. There was little improvement in tick control in the mixed herd of Zebu x British and British cattle. Assessment of the tick resistance status of the Zebu x British cattle by artificial infestation with known numbers of larvae showed that the survival to mature female ticks was 1.3 and 1.8% for the herds requiring four and 10 acaricidal treatments respectively in the wet tropics. In a similar assessment of the "resistant" Australian lllawarra Shorthorn (AIS) cattle herds which required one treatment or none over a tick season in southern Queensland (Wilkinson 1962) the survival was 4.4 and 5.2% respectively. The mean survival of female ticks to maturity on individual Zebu x British cattle was 1.4% (range 0.01–6.6%) compared with 8.1 % (0.2–27.4%%) for AIS cattle.

scholarly journals In vitro effect of extract of garlic's wood (Gallesia integrifolia Sprengel) Harms on engorged ticks and larvae of Ripicephalus Boophilus microplus

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 99-103
Author(s):  
A. S. Dias ◽  
A. M. Tanure ◽  
R. M. Bertonceli
Keyword(s):  
Herbal Medicine ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Alcoholic Extract ◽  
Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽  
Tropical Area ◽  
Vitro Effect ◽  
Production Losses

The cattle tick Rhipicephalus Boophilus microplus is responsible for high losses in cattle stocking in tropical area, the losses related to parasitism of this agent represents up to 80% of production losses, represented by spoliation, damage to the leather, hematozoa transmission, among others. The problem of increased of resistance to chemical ectoparasiticids has led to the search for new alternatives, among them there is the herbal medicine, in that it is more accessible, less polluting, suspected delay the resistance phenomenon. In this study, it sought to evaluate the efficacy of alcoholic extract of Gallesia integrifolia (garlic's wood) on tick control R. B. microplus. The test was carried out on engorged ticks and on larvae in impregnated papers in vitro. It was found that the hydroalcoholic extract tested at concentrations of 100, 50, 25, 10, 5, 2.5 and 1% was effective on mortality of adult ticks on 100% concentration from about 5% and on larvae, in 10% concentrations. And at 2.5%, the action on the mortality of larvae was considered satisfactory by the official regulatory criteria. These in vitro results are presented favorable regarding the candidacy of G. integrifolia extract for control of R. B. microplus in cattle.

scholarly journals Biocidal potential of Eugenia pyriformis essential oil in the control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in the free-living cycle

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 879-888
Author(s):  
Jaqueline P. Medeiros ◽  
Wanessa C. Bortollucci ◽  
Eloisa S. Silva ◽  
Herika L.M. Oliveira ◽  
Caio F.A.A. Campo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Immersion Test ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Southern Cattle Tick ◽  
Cattle Herds

ABSTRACT: Brazil has one of the largest commercial cattle herds in the world, which naturally coexist with an enormous number of parasitic species. Southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, is among these species, interfering with animal productivity and causing losses to the beef and dairy cattle sector. The use of chemical acaricides in the control of this mite has resulted in the emergence of resistant populations. In this sense, alternative control measures using plants as sources of botanical acaricides have shown to be effective. Eugenia pyriformis Cambess is a Brazilian plant with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity; however, there are no reports on its acaricidal activity in the literature. The present study aimed to evaluate the acaricidal and larvicidal potential of E. pyriformis leaf essential oil (EO) on southern cattle tick at different stages of the reproductive cycle. E. pyriformis leaves were collected and dried, and had their EO extracted by hydrodistillation (3h) using a modified Clevenger apparatus. Chemical analysis was performed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and 32 compounds belonging to the sesquiterpene class were identified: hydrocarbons (17.98%) and oxygenated forms (81.96%), with spathulenol (43.65%) and caryophyllene oxide (12.17%) as the most common. The EO was evaluated by the Adult Immersion Test at the concentrations (500.00 to 3.12mg/mL) in which the following parameters were measured: mortality of females (%), hatchability of eggs (%), and product efficiency (%). Larvae were assessed by the Larval Packet Test at concentrations ranging from 25.00 to 0.00004mg/mL. Lethal concentrations (LC) required for killing 50 and 99.9% of adult females and larvae were determined using Probit analysis. LC50 and LC99.9 of EO were 0.06 and 24.60mg/mL and 1,208.80 and 2,538mg/mL for larvae and adult females, respectively. Action of the EO in the free-living cycle of R. (B.) microplus larvae was another parameter assessed. To this end, the larvae were deposited in pots containing Brachiaria decumbens and, after migration to the leaf apex, a solution containing LC99.9 (24.60mg/mL) of the EO was sprayed. After 24h, 72.25% of the larvae had died, indicating stability of the EO when subjected to uncontrolled temperature and humidity conditions. The mechanism of action through which the EO killed the larvae and adult females was investigated by the Bioautographic Method, which showed inhibition of 3.15mg/mL of the EO on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. The results found in the present experiment indicate that E. pyriformis essential oil is an alternative in the control of southern cattle tick in the larval (parasitic) and free-living cycle (non-parasitic) stages under field conditions.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Acaricidal Activity of Nemuaron vieillardii Essential Oil against the Cattle Tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1601101
Author(s):  
Nicolas Lebouvier ◽  
Thomas Hue ◽  
Joseph Brophy ◽  
Edouard Hnawia ◽  
Mohammed Nour
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Acaricidal Activity ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Caryophyllene Oxide ◽  
Human Carcinogen

Essential oil from leaves of Nemuaron vieillardii (Baill.) Baill., a shrub used in the kanak pharmacopeia, was analyzed by gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The main compounds identified were safrole (49.7%), linalool (8.0%), δ-cadinene (5.1%), caryophyllene oxide (4%) and α-copaene (2.4%). This chemical composition is consistent with leaf oils of the Atherospermataceae family and demonstrates the proximity of the two genera Nemuaron and Atherosperma as regards to their essential oil compositions. The modified Larval Packet Test (LPT) was used to assess acaricidal effect of N. vieillardii essential oil on larvae of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and LC50 was then calculated to 14.67%. High content of safrole in this oil which is suspected of being a human carcinogen, poses the problem of the use of this oil in a perspective of development of alternative tick control strategy and in the traditional medicinal consumption of Nemuaron vieillardii.

Ecological observations on the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini)

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 394 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Snowball
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Tick Population ◽  
Parasitic Stage ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
Low Levels

Studies were undertaken during 1948-1950 on Boophilus microplus under field conditions in southern Queensland to determine the duration of the non-parasitic stages, and to relate this information to tick incidence on cattle. In the area where the observations were made, the population of ticks on cattle is high in summer and autumn and low in minter and spring. Each week throughout the investigation engorged female ticks, freshly fallen from cattle, were placed in a pasture plot and their subsequent history recorded. Concurrently, observations were made on the changes in tick population on a dairy herd on an adjacent farm. Female ticks exposed on the plot between April and July produced virtually no progeny, and it is probable that the ticks in the pasture traversed by the dairy cattle exhibited a similar, though less severe, inhibition of reproduction. This failure to reproduce, combined with the dying out of larvae and protracted developmental periods of eggs, reduced to very low levels the larval population available to infest cattle during the months of August–October. Ticks exposed from late July to the following autumn produced progeny. There was a tendency for the progeny of ticks exposed in the late winter and early spring to hatch a t about the same time in the late spring, and this synchronous hatching was probably responsible for the 'spring rise' in tick population on cattle. It appears likely that the engorged female adults dropped in the early autumn represent the most important stage in the overwintering of the species in this area. Some of their larvae survive the adverse winter conditions, either in the free-living or the parasitic stage, and give rise to adults, which fall in the late winter and spring, and which in turn produce the larvae of the spring rise.

Selection of cattle for tick resistance, and the effect of herds of different susceptibility on Boophilus populations

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 974 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
In Parenthesis ◽  
Tick Counts ◽  
Tick Resistance ◽  
Selection Of

Weekly counts of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) on 30 Australian Illawarra Shorthorn heifers enabled the cattle to be ranked in order of tick infestation, with highly significant correlations between counts of two observers and between counts of one observer on different occasions. In May 1960, when the heifers were 1½–2 years old, 12 were selected as relatively tick-resistant and 12 as relatively tick-susceptible. Each of these groups was divided at random into herds of six, and the four herds were then allotted randomly to separate paddocks, each onequarter of the area previously grazed. A herd was sprayed with 0.5% DDT emulsion when its average count of ticks (adult females over 5 mm in length) on one side of the animals exceeded 40. During the ensuing tick season, from October 5, 1960, to June 7, 1961, the sums of average weekly tick counts, and the numbers of sprayings (in parenthesis) were: susceptible herds 4853 (5) and 5962 (6): resistant herds 718 (0) and 1073 (1). Counts of tick larvae on defined body areas showed that, in the summer after segregation, resistant herds carried fewer larvae than the susceptible herds, apparently because fewer mature ticks fell from the resistant cattle in the preceding spring and winter. As a consequence of this, counts of adult ticks were comparatively lower after than before segregation. There was little or no 'spring rise' of tick infestation on the resistant herds. There was no significant correlation between tick resistance and coat score, sweat gland dimensions, or total skin thickness, but a correlation of -0.53 with follicle depth was significant at the 1% level. There was no evidence of adaptation of cattle ticks to the resistant animals, either in the field experiment or in observations on stalled cattle. The experiment draws attention to the appreciable proportion of tick-resistant animals within the Australian Illawarra Shorthorn breed, which has largely been overlooked in past discussions on tick-resistant breeds of cattle. It also suggests a technique for estimating the improvement in tick control that may be obtained by a given degree of selection within any breed, for any given environment.

scholarly journals The dynamics of energy metabolism in the tick embryo

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Martins ◽  
Newton Ruiz ◽  
Rodrigo Nunes da Fonseca ◽  
Itabajara da Silva Vaz Junior ◽  
Carlos Logullo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Cattle Industry ◽  
Glycogen Resynthesis ◽  
Late Embryogenesis ◽  
Novel Drugs ◽  
Energy Consuming

Abstract The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is an ectoparasite capable of transmitting a large number of pathogens, causing considerable losses in the cattle industry, with substantial damage to livestock. Over the years, important stages of its life cycle, such as the embryo, have been largely ignored by researchers. Tick embryogenesis has been typically described as an energy-consuming process, sustaining cell proliferation, differentiation, and growth. During the embryonic stage of arthropods, there is mobilization of metabolites of maternal origin for the development of organs and tissues of the embryo. Glycogen resynthesis in late embryogenesis is considered as an effective indicator of embryonic integrity. In the cattle tick R.(B. (B.) microplus, glycogen resynthesis is sustained by protein degradation through the gluconeogenesis pathway at the end of the embryonic period. Despite recent advancements in research on tick energy metabolism at the molecular level, the dynamics of nutrient utilization during R. (B.) microplus embryogenesis is still poorly understood. The present review aims to describe the regulatory mechanisms of carbohydrate metabolism during maternal-zygotic transition and identify possible new targets for the development of novel drugs and other control measures against R. (B.) microplus infestations.

A ten-year review of commercial vaccine performance for control of tick infestations on cattle

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
José de la Fuente ◽  
Consuelo Almazán ◽  
Mario Canales ◽  
José Manuel Pérez de la Lastra ◽  
Katherine M. Kocan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Antigen Discovery ◽  
Tick Vaccine ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractTicks are important ectoparasites of domestic and wild animals, and tick infestations economically impact cattle production worldwide. Control of cattle tick infestations has been primarily by application of acaricides which has resulted in selection of resistant ticks and environmental pollution. Herein we discuss data from tick vaccine application in Australia, Cuba, Mexico and other Latin American countries. Commercial tick vaccines for cattle based on the Boophilus microplus Bm86 gut antigen have proven to be a feasible tick control method that offers a cost-effective, environmentally friendly alternative to the use of acaricides. Commercial tick vaccines reduced tick infestations on cattle and the intensity of acaricide usage, as well as increasing animal production and reducing transmission of some tick-borne pathogens. Although commercialization of tick vaccines has been difficult owing to previous constraints of antigen discovery, the expense of testing vaccines in cattle, and company restructuring, the success of these vaccines over the past decade has clearly demonstrated their potential as an improved method of tick control for cattle. Development of improved vaccines in the future will be greatly enhanced by new and efficient molecular technologies for antigen discovery and the urgent need for a tick control method to reduce or replace the use of acaricides, especially in regions where extensive tick resistance has occurred.

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