A comparison of cattle tick control by pasture spelling, planned dipping, and tick-resistant cattle

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 783 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Wharton ◽  
KLS Harley ◽  
PR Wilkinson ◽  
KB Utech ◽  
BM Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Mature Female ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Artificial Infestation ◽  
Wet Tropics ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
The Right ◽  
Tick Burden

Control of Boophilus microplus by pasture spelling, planned dipping, and simulated "conventional" control methods was compared in duplicate herds of British cattle, and by simulated "conventional" control methods in duplicate herds of Zebu x British and a single mixed herd of Zebu x British and British cattle. Herds under conventional control were treated with an acaricide (dipped) when the count of "standard" ticks (5 mm or more in length) on the right side averaged 20 or more per animal. Herds under pasture spelling grazed alternately in two adjacent paddocks; the summer spelling period was 3½ months, followed by spelling periods of 4½ months, and cattle were dipped on transfer between paddocks. Herds under planned dipping were dipped at 21-day intervals until few larvae remained on the pasture, this treatment being repeated when the count of standard ticks averaged more than 20 per animal. Observations over 2 years confirmed the results of an earlier experiment which showed that pasture spelling and planned dipping resulted in increased efficiency of tick control. Compared with British herds under conventional control which required dipping on 19 and 20 occasions, herds managed by pasture spelling were dipped only on seven occasions and showed a mean reduction of 81% in tick burden. Herds subjected to planned dipping required 18 treatments but the tick burden was reduced by 83%. The two Zebu x British herds required dipping on four and 10 occasions and showed a mean reduction in tick burden of 39% compared with British herds under conventional control. There was little improvement in tick control in the mixed herd of Zebu x British and British cattle. Assessment of the tick resistance status of the Zebu x British cattle by artificial infestation with known numbers of larvae showed that the survival to mature female ticks was 1.3 and 1.8% for the herds requiring four and 10 acaricidal treatments respectively in the wet tropics. In a similar assessment of the "resistant" Australian lllawarra Shorthorn (AIS) cattle herds which required one treatment or none over a tick season in southern Queensland (Wilkinson 1962) the survival was 4.4 and 5.2% respectively. The mean survival of female ticks to maturity on individual Zebu x British cattle was 1.4% (range 0.01–6.6%) compared with 8.1 % (0.2–27.4%%) for AIS cattle.

A comparison of cattle tick control by "conventional" acaricidal treatment, planned dipping, and pasture spelling

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 841 ◽  
Author(s):  
KLS Harley ◽  
PR Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
Tropical Area ◽  
The Right ◽  
Tick Burden ◽  
Cattle Tick Control

Three comparable herds of cattle were grazed in a wet tropical area of north Queensland for the comparison of control measures against the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. The cattle tick infestation of one herd was controlled by simulated "conventional" methods, the cattle receiving acaricidal treatment when the count of "standard" ticks (0.5 cm or more in length) on the right side averaged 20 or more per animal. The tick infestation of the second herd was controlled by dipping in acaricide at 21-day intervals, so that few of the tick larvae attaching to the cattle between dippings reached maturity. This was continued until the larval population in the pasture was greatly depleted. The procedure, for which the term planned dipping has been proposed, was repeated when the count of standard ticks on the right side averaged more than 20 per animal. The tick infestation of the third herd was controlled by grazing alternately in two adjacent paddocks, the interval between each transfer being sufficient to ensure that most of the ticks in the unstocked paddock had died. Acaricidal treatment was applied at times of paddock changes and also at other times if the tick count was more than 20 per animal. This procedure is known as pasture spelling. Over the 2 years of the experiment, planned dipping and pasture spelling resulted in increased efficiency in tick control. In comparison with the herd given conventional tick control, planned dipping resulted in no reduction in the number of acaricidal treatments, but the tick burden was reduced by 79%. Pasture spelling resulted in the number of acaricidal treatments being reduced by 60% and the tick burden by 64%.

Resistance to the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus in a herd of Australian Illawarra Shorthorn cattle: Its assessment and heritability

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Wharton ◽  
KBW Utech ◽  
HG Turner
Keyword(s):  
Reference Value ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tick Counts ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
Tick Resistance

An Australian Illawarra Shorthorn herd of 24 cows was mated in three consecutive years with an AIS bull. The cows and their progeny were rated for tick resistance at frequent intervals from August 1959 to December 1965 by counting the numbers of semiengorged female ticks on the right side. The mean of log counts for all counts on a particular animal was adopted as the reference value for its degree of susceptibility. The ranking of cattle generally showed a high level of consistency with mean repeatability of counts (r = 0.47, P < 0.01). Discrimination between animals was more reliable (P < 0.01) in summer (r = 0.52) than in winter (r = 0.27). The repeatability of tick counts increased with mean count, from r = 0.27 when the mean count was 3 to r = 0.67 when it was 100. The reliability of counts on the cows decreased with age and with lactation. Supplementary information on a larger herd showed no effect of pregnancy on mean count or on discrimination between susceptible and resistant animals, but showed that there was a partial breakdown of resistance during lactation. In calves infested naturally, no effects of age or sex on tick counts or their repeatability were detected, though male calves yielded significantly larger numbers of ticks than females when infested artificially. The mean yield of mature female ticks on the cows following two artificial infestations with known numbers of larvae ranged from 0.2 to 27.4% of the potential. Natural and artificial assessments of susceptibility were closely correlated. The rank of the bull was similar to that of the more resistant cows. Mean estimates of the heritability of tick resistance based on single counts were 39 % from dam-calf correlations and 49 % from full-sib correlations. Estimates based on summer counts only were 42 and 64% respectively. These results provide strong encouragement for selecting for tick resistance.

Heritability estimates from correlations in intra-sire data. Appendix I. from - Resistance to the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus in a herd of Australian Illawarra Shorthorn cattle: Its assessment and heritability

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
HG Turner
Keyword(s):  
Reference Value ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tick Counts ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
Tick Resistance

An Australian Illawarra Shorthorn herd of 24 cows was mated in three consecutive years with an AIS bull. The cows and their progeny were rated for tick resistance at frequent intervals from August 1959 to December 1965 by counting the numbers of semiengorged female ticks on the right side. The mean of log counts for all counts on a particular animal was adopted as the reference value for its degree of susceptibility. The ranking of cattle generally showed a high level of consistency with mean repeatability of counts (r = 0.47, P < 0.01). Discrimination between animals was more reliable (P < 0.01) in summer (r = 0.52) than in winter (r = 0.27). The repeatability of tick counts increased with mean count, from r = 0.27 when the mean count was 3 to r = 0.67 when it was 100. The reliability of counts on the cows decreased with age and with lactation. Supplementary information on a larger herd showed no effect of pregnancy on mean count or on discrimination between susceptible and resistant animals, but showed that there was a partial breakdown of resistance during lactation. In calves infested naturally, no effects of age or sex on tick counts or their repeatability were detected, though male calves yielded significantly larger numbers of ticks than females when infested artificially. The mean yield of mature female ticks on the cows following two artificial infestations with known numbers of larvae ranged from 0.2 to 27.4% of the potential. Natural and artificial assessments of susceptibility were closely correlated. The rank of the bull was similar to that of the more resistant cows. Mean estimates of the heritability of tick resistance based on single counts were 39 % from dam-calf correlations and 49 % from full-sib correlations. Estimates based on summer counts only were 42 and 64% respectively. These results provide strong encouragement for selecting for tick resistance.

A Framework for Integrating Control Methods Against the Cattle Tick, Boophilus microplus in Australia

1983 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 489 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Norton ◽  
R. W. Sutherst ◽  
G. F. Maywald
Keyword(s):  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Control Methods

scholarly journals Biocidal potential of Eugenia pyriformis essential oil in the control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in the free-living cycle

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 879-888
Author(s):  
Jaqueline P. Medeiros ◽  
Wanessa C. Bortollucci ◽  
Eloisa S. Silva ◽  
Herika L.M. Oliveira ◽  
Caio F.A.A. Campo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Immersion Test ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Southern Cattle Tick ◽  
Cattle Herds

ABSTRACT: Brazil has one of the largest commercial cattle herds in the world, which naturally coexist with an enormous number of parasitic species. Southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, is among these species, interfering with animal productivity and causing losses to the beef and dairy cattle sector. The use of chemical acaricides in the control of this mite has resulted in the emergence of resistant populations. In this sense, alternative control measures using plants as sources of botanical acaricides have shown to be effective. Eugenia pyriformis Cambess is a Brazilian plant with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity; however, there are no reports on its acaricidal activity in the literature. The present study aimed to evaluate the acaricidal and larvicidal potential of E. pyriformis leaf essential oil (EO) on southern cattle tick at different stages of the reproductive cycle. E. pyriformis leaves were collected and dried, and had their EO extracted by hydrodistillation (3h) using a modified Clevenger apparatus. Chemical analysis was performed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and 32 compounds belonging to the sesquiterpene class were identified: hydrocarbons (17.98%) and oxygenated forms (81.96%), with spathulenol (43.65%) and caryophyllene oxide (12.17%) as the most common. The EO was evaluated by the Adult Immersion Test at the concentrations (500.00 to 3.12mg/mL) in which the following parameters were measured: mortality of females (%), hatchability of eggs (%), and product efficiency (%). Larvae were assessed by the Larval Packet Test at concentrations ranging from 25.00 to 0.00004mg/mL. Lethal concentrations (LC) required for killing 50 and 99.9% of adult females and larvae were determined using Probit analysis. LC50 and LC99.9 of EO were 0.06 and 24.60mg/mL and 1,208.80 and 2,538mg/mL for larvae and adult females, respectively. Action of the EO in the free-living cycle of R. (B.) microplus larvae was another parameter assessed. To this end, the larvae were deposited in pots containing Brachiaria decumbens and, after migration to the leaf apex, a solution containing LC99.9 (24.60mg/mL) of the EO was sprayed. After 24h, 72.25% of the larvae had died, indicating stability of the EO when subjected to uncontrolled temperature and humidity conditions. The mechanism of action through which the EO killed the larvae and adult females was investigated by the Bioautographic Method, which showed inhibition of 3.15mg/mL of the EO on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. The results found in the present experiment indicate that E. pyriformis essential oil is an alternative in the control of southern cattle tick in the larval (parasitic) and free-living cycle (non-parasitic) stages under field conditions.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Acaricidal Activity of Nemuaron vieillardii Essential Oil against the Cattle Tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1601101
Author(s):  
Nicolas Lebouvier ◽  
Thomas Hue ◽  
Joseph Brophy ◽  
Edouard Hnawia ◽  
Mohammed Nour
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Acaricidal Activity ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Caryophyllene Oxide ◽  
Human Carcinogen

Essential oil from leaves of Nemuaron vieillardii (Baill.) Baill., a shrub used in the kanak pharmacopeia, was analyzed by gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The main compounds identified were safrole (49.7%), linalool (8.0%), δ-cadinene (5.1%), caryophyllene oxide (4%) and α-copaene (2.4%). This chemical composition is consistent with leaf oils of the Atherospermataceae family and demonstrates the proximity of the two genera Nemuaron and Atherosperma as regards to their essential oil compositions. The modified Larval Packet Test (LPT) was used to assess acaricidal effect of N. vieillardii essential oil on larvae of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and LC50 was then calculated to 14.67%. High content of safrole in this oil which is suspected of being a human carcinogen, poses the problem of the use of this oil in a perspective of development of alternative tick control strategy and in the traditional medicinal consumption of Nemuaron vieillardii.

scholarly journals Towards a new phenotype for tick resistance in beef and dairy cattle: a review

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 1401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather M. Burrow ◽  
Ben J. Mans ◽  
Fernando F. Cardoso ◽  
Michael A. Birkett ◽  
Andrew C. Kotze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Cattle Management ◽  
Genetically Improved ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Tick Resistance

About 80% of the world’s cattle are affected by ticks and tick-borne diseases, both of which cause significant production losses. Cattle host resistance to ticks is the most important factor affecting the economics of tick control, but it is largely neglected in tick-control programs due to technical difficulties and costs associated with identifying individual-animal variation in resistance. The present paper reviews the scientific literature to identify factors affecting resistance of cattle to ticks and the biological mechanisms of host tick resistance, to develop alternative phenotype(s) for tick resistance. If new cost-effective phenotype(s) can be developed and validated, then tick resistance of cattle could be genetically improved using genomic selection, and incorporated into breeding objectives to simultaneously improve cattle productive attributes and tick resistance. The phenotype(s) could also be used to improve tick control by using cattle management. On the basis of the present review, it is recommended that three possible phenotypes (haemolytic analysis; measures of skin hypersensitivity reactions; simplified artificial tick infestations) be further developed to determine their practical feasibility for consistently, cost-effectively and reliably measuring cattle tick resistance in thousands of individual animals in commercial and smallholder farmer herds in tropical and subtropical areas globally. During evaluation of these potential new phenotypes, additional measurements should be included to determine the possibility of developing a volatile-based resistance phenotype, to simultaneously improve cattle resistance to both ticks and biting flies. Because the current measurements of volatile chemistry do not satisfy the requirements of a simple, cost-effective phenotype for use in commercial cattle herds, consideration should also be given to inclusion of potentially simpler measures to enable indirect genetic selection for volatile-based resistance to ticks.

A ten-year review of commercial vaccine performance for control of tick infestations on cattle

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
José de la Fuente ◽  
Consuelo Almazán ◽  
Mario Canales ◽  
José Manuel Pérez de la Lastra ◽  
Katherine M. Kocan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Antigen Discovery ◽  
Tick Vaccine ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractTicks are important ectoparasites of domestic and wild animals, and tick infestations economically impact cattle production worldwide. Control of cattle tick infestations has been primarily by application of acaricides which has resulted in selection of resistant ticks and environmental pollution. Herein we discuss data from tick vaccine application in Australia, Cuba, Mexico and other Latin American countries. Commercial tick vaccines for cattle based on the Boophilus microplus Bm86 gut antigen have proven to be a feasible tick control method that offers a cost-effective, environmentally friendly alternative to the use of acaricides. Commercial tick vaccines reduced tick infestations on cattle and the intensity of acaricide usage, as well as increasing animal production and reducing transmission of some tick-borne pathogens. Although commercialization of tick vaccines has been difficult owing to previous constraints of antigen discovery, the expense of testing vaccines in cattle, and company restructuring, the success of these vaccines over the past decade has clearly demonstrated their potential as an improved method of tick control for cattle. Development of improved vaccines in the future will be greatly enhanced by new and efficient molecular technologies for antigen discovery and the urgent need for a tick control method to reduce or replace the use of acaricides, especially in regions where extensive tick resistance has occurred.

The spelling of pasture in cattle tick control

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 414 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Field Trial ◽  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Cattle Tick Control

When two comparable herds of cattle were kept continuously in adjoining paddocks, frequent acaricidal treatment was necessary to control ticks (Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) ). Thereafter, one of the two herds was grazed alternately in its own and an adjacent paddock, the intervals between each transfer being sufficient to ensure that most of the ticks in the unoccupied paddock had died. Tick infestations on this herd were greatly reduced, and less frequent use of acaricides was necessary. The herd remaining in the continuously stocked pasture continued to need acaricidal treatment for recurring tick infestation. In a field trial with 350–400 cattle moved a t intervals to each of three formerly heavily infested paddocks, tick infestations remained very light, although the herd was dipped only In January, September, and the following January. A control herd on continuously stocked pasture, treated at the owner's discretion, required eight dippings in this period. This procedure of "pasture spelling" seems likely to be widely applicable in central Queensland.

Trapping of larvae of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus by Stylosanthes scabra under grazing conditions

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1301 ◽  
Author(s):  
LJ Wilson ◽  
RW Sutherst ◽  
JD Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Morphological Attributes ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Stylosanthes Scabra

Several varieties of the leguminous genus Stylosanthes have the capacity to trap larvae of the tick Boophilus microplus. This capacity was assessed for S. scabra plants collected from grazed fields at two locations, Brian Pastures Research Station and 'The Springs' in central Queensland. Morphological attributes which may affect the capacity of plants to trap tick larvae were recorded. In laboratory tests, plants collected from Brian Pastures trapped 27% of larvae in summer and 12% in winter, whilst plants from 'The Springs' trapped an average of 12%, with no seasonal pattern discernible. The percentage of branches which were sticky was the major determinant of a plant's capacity to trap ticks. Variation in stickiness per se was less important. Frost and burning temporarily reduced tick-trapping capacity, but after four months, burnt plants trapped a higher percentage of larvae than unburnt plants due to the production of sticky regrowth. The implication of the results for the use of S. scabra in tick control programs is discussed.

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