Efecto del azufre y Saccharomyces cerevisiae en la dieta de vacas lecheras como repelente de garrapatas en la comunidad El Regadío-Estelí, 2019

El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo en la comunidad el Regadío - Estelí, donde se evaluó el efecto del azufre y la levadura de cerveza (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) en la dieta de vacas lecheras como repelente de garrapatas, siendo las variables de estudio, identificación de garrapatas, efectividad de los tratamientos, producción lechera y relación beneficio/costo. Para el estudio se utilizó un diseño de bloque completamente al azar (BCA), el estudio estuvo constituido por tres tratamientos (T1: Testigo, T2: 8% de inclusión de azufre, T3: inclusión de levadura de cerveza) con tres repeticiones cada uno para un total de nueve unidades experimentales. Los resultados obtenidos fueron: Las garrapatas que estaban con mayor presencia dentro del hato lechero fueron los géneros Amblyomma cajennense en un 70% y Boophilus microplus con un 30%. La efectividad del azufre sobre la repelencia de garrapatas en los animales en estudio fue del 96%, mostrando diferencia significativa en comparación con el tratamiento a base de levadura de cerveza y el tratamiento testigo. En el caso de la variable producción lechera no existió diferencia significativa entre los tratamientos evaluados sin mostrar repercusión sobre la producción; sin embargo luego de realizar los análisis de rentabilidad, el suministro de azufre en la dieta de vacas lecheras tuvo un costo de 0.8 córdobas día/animal, reduciendo gastos en control de garrapatas en comparación con otras prácticas de manejo de garrapatas; por lo tanto el suministro de azufre en la dieta es una alternativa viable para el control de garrapatas en vacas lecheras sin afectar su productividad.

FITOTERAPIA NO CONTROLE DO Rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, AGENTE CAUSADOR DA DOENÇA “TRISTEZA PARASITÁRIA”: UMA REVISÃO DE LITERATURA

Os Rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, carrapatos bovinos são hematófagos e vetores de agentes patogênicos (bactéria Anaplasma marginale e protozoários do gênero Babesia sp.) aos animais e seres humanos. São ectoparasitos causadores de prejuízos econômicos na produção de leite, na produção de carne e mortalidade dos animais. Os bovinos sofrem com reações alérgicas, estresse, ferimentos causados no couro e por outras doenças relacionadas. A perda de peso e a diminuição leiteira das matrizes podem ocorrer devido ao agravo ocasionado. A doença Tristeza Parasitária correlaciona duas patogenias a Babesiose e a Anaplasmose. A resistência destes vetores para a Tristeza Parasitária nos rebanhos se deu, devido ao uso abusivo de acaricidas no tratamento químico. Este tratamento além de não ser garantia de cura aos bovinos, seu efeito agride os animais e o meio ambiente através de resíduos deixados. Os fitoterápicos utilizados como carrapaticidas oferecem menores danos aos animais e ao meio ambiente. Os fitoterápicos: Óleo de Neen (Azadirachta indica), Citronela de Java (Cymbopogon winterianus) e Citronela de Ceilão (Cymbopogon nardus L.), Hortelã ou Mentha piperita, Eucalipto (Eucalyptus spp.), Extrato de Jenipapo (Genipa americana), Alho orgânico (Allium sativum L.), Fumo em corda (Nicotiana tabacum), Melaleuca alternifólia, apresentaram um controle eficiente aos parasitos e repeliram também, outras doenças oportunistas recorrentes. Além de contribuírem para a saúde dos bovinos, bem como para a preservação do meio ambiente, e um impacto econômico de menor custo aos criadores. O objetivo deste trabalho é salientar o efeito dos fitoterápicos sobre essa classe de agentes patogênicos causadores da Tristeza Parasitária em Bovinos.

Use of biotherapic in the control of the natural infestation by Boophilus microplus: pilot study

In the control of tick-borne disease (TBD), resistance to chemical products has been reported and a concern with the preservation of the environment requires alternative procedures to control infestation by Boophilus microplus worldwide. The use of biotherapic preparations is one of such alternatives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a biotherapic mixture including B. microplus in naturally infested cattle. 27 animals were divided in 3 groups (n=9): I – control, received no treatment; II- treated with amitraz dip; III- treated with a standard commercial mixture of biotherapic 12cH, p.o. Group III presented a statistically significant decrease of ticks when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between groups II (amitraz) and III (biotherapic) (p < 0.05). These results suggest that biotherapic preparations might be effective in the control of B. microplus in cattle. Keywords: Biotherapic; Tick; Alternative control; Cattle.  Uso do bioterapico no controle da infestação natural por Boophilus microplus: estudo piloto Resumo No controle de enfermidades transmitidas por carrapatos tem sido notada a resisténcia a produtos químicos. A preocupação com a conservação do meio ambiente tem exigido procedimentos alternativos para controlar a infestação por Boophilus microplus, em todo o mundo. O uso de bioterápicos representa uma dessas alternativas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de uma mistura de bioterápicos incluindo B. microplus, em gado bovino infestado naturalmente. 27 animais foram divididos em 3 grupos (n=9): I) controle sem tratamento; II) tratado com banho de amitraz; III) tratado com mistura comercial de bioterápicos 12 cH, via oral. O grupo III apresentou uma diminuição estatísticamente significativa de carrapatos, em comparação com grupo controle (p < 0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupo II e III (p < 0,05). Estes resultados sugerem que os preparados de bioterápicos podem ser eficazes para o controle de B. microplus em bovinos. Palavras-chave: Bioterapicos; Carrapato; Controles alternativos; Bovinos.  Uso de bioterápico en el control de la infestación natural por Boophilus microplus: estudio piloto Resumen En el control de enfermedades trasmitidas por garrapatas, ha sido notada resistencia los productos químicos; la preocupación con la conservación del ambiente exige procedimientos alternativos para controlar la infestación por Boophilus microplus mundialmente. El uso de preparados bioterápicos representa una de esas alternativas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de una mezcla bioterápica incluyendo B. microplus en ganado infestado naturalmente. 27 animales fueron divididos en 3 grupos (n=9): I) control, sin tratamiento; II) tratado con banho de amitraz; III) tratado con mezcla comercial de bioterápicos 12cH, vía oral. El grupo III presentó una disminución estadísticamente significativa de garrapatas en comparación al grupo control (p < 0,05). No hubo diferencia significativa entre los grupos II y III (p < 0,05). Estos resultados sugieren que los preparados de bioterápicos pueden ser eficaces para controlar B. microplus en ganado. Palabras-clave: Bioterapicos; Garrapatas; control alternativo; Ganado.  Correspondence author: Alessandro P. Minho. [email protected]; http://www.iapar.br; Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR)-PR, Brazil. How to cite this article: Silva NL, Moletta JL, Minho AP, Filippsen LF. Use of biotherapic in the control of natural infestation by Boophilus microplus: pilot study. Int J High Dilution Res [online]. 2008 [cited DD Mmm YYYY]; 7 (22): 36-38. Available from http://journal.giri-society.org/index.php/ijhdr/article/view/251/337. ÂÂÂ

Efficiency of tick biotherapic on the control of infestation by Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Dutch dairy cows.

Background: cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus poses serious problems for farmers in Brazil, especially because the parasite easily develops resistance to pesticide agents. For this reason, together with other factors including environmental, human and animal contamination and costs, alternative approaches have been sought for. Aims: this study sough to evaluate the efficiency of a tick biotherapic on tick-infested cows. Methods: 34 dairy Dutch cows were divided in 2 groups: one group received 100g/day of mineral salt supplement impregnated with tick biotherapic 12cH for 6 months, and then in alternate days with tick biotherapic 30cH to complete 28 months of treatment; the other group (control) received only the mineral salt supplement. After 28 months of treatment, engorged Rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus females were collected in both groups, counted and weighed; in vitro tests were carried out to assess mass of ticks; egg mass; egg-hatching rate; and reproductive efficiency. Results: There was significant difference between both groups for all parameters evaluated; tick-mass (p = 0.0008); egg mass (p=0.0044); egg-hatching rate (p= 0.0017); and reproductive efficiency (p = 0.0044). Conclusion: treatment with tick biotherapic significantly decreased the mass of engorged females, deposition and hatching rate of eggs, resulting consequently in the decrease of the reproductive efficiency of ticks.

COMPARACIÓN ENTRE EL MODELO PROBIT Y EL MODELO DE HILL PARA DETERMINAR LA EFICACIA DE IVERMECTINA SOBRE LARVAS DE Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (ACARI, IXODIDA: IXODIDAE) MEDIANTE LA TÉCNICA DE INMERSIÓN.

The aim of this study was to propose an alternative statistic treatment for the results obtained by testing the in vitro efficacy of ivermectin (IVM) against R. microplus using the larval immersion test in order to detect the emergence of resistant strains. The statistical analysis of the results obtained by this technique is standardized by the FAO who proposes the use of the Probit model. However there are alternative mathematical models that allow a more precise analysis of experimental data generating more information as nonlinear logistic equation, also called the Hill model. The results of the IVM efficacy against a sensible strain of R. microplus were analysed whit both model. A comparison between the results obtained with PROBIT and Hill model showed that the last one was able to make a more precise fit of the experimental data, generating more information about small IVM concentrations. The C50 (13.58 ppm) obtained with Probit model result smaller than the obtained with the Hill model (14.24 ppm), however the C90, C99 and the discriminant dose (19.31 ppm, 25.74 ppm, 51.48 ppm) obtained with de Hill model were bigger than the obtained with the Probit model (17.50 ppm, 21.98 ppm, 43.96 ppm).

SENSIBILIDAD DE LA GARRAPATA COMÚN DEL BOVINO Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus A IVERMECTINA ESTIMADA CON EL MODELO SIGMOIDEO DE RESPUESTA MÁXIMA O DE HILL

The aim of this study was to obtain pharmacodynamics parameters to detect resistance or susceptibility of R. microplus strains to ivermectin (IVM). Two larvae samples; a susceptible strain (S) and field isolation (T) were treated with increasing concentrations of IVM using the larvae immersion technique the efficacy values measured at 24 hours were analysed with the sigmoidal maximum response so called Hill model as statistical analysis. The results obtained showed that the IVM have an all or nothing response represented by the Hill coefficient value >1 in both samples. Additionally, a low concentration effect was observed as E0 de 12.83% (S) and 9.91% (T). The field isolation larvae were susceptible to IVM in comparison with the susceptible strain by the resistance ratio (RR) which in one case was not significantly greater that one (RR50= 0.756 and RR90=1.009).

Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in wild animals treated at the Federal University of Lavras, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

Ticks have a great diversity of hosts, many of which are still being discovered. These parasites may be responsible for the transmission of several pathogens to animals and humans. For this reason, knowledge on tick species and their hosts is essential for planning actions in public health and fauna conservation. From February 2018 to July 2019, ticks found in animals treated at the Wild Animal Clinic of the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA) were surveyed. Animals came from nine municipalities at the southern region of Minas Gerais State, all close to the municipality of Lavras. During veterinary procedures the animals were inspected, and tick specimens were removed from the hosts’ skins with the help of tweezers, and posteriorly identified. One hundred and three specimens of ticks were removed from the hosts and allocated in five species of Amblyomma Koch, 1844 (Ixodidae) [A. nodosum (Neumann, 1899), A. sculptum Berlese, 1888, A. aureolatum (Pallas, 1772), A. calcaratum Neumann, 1899, and A. ovale (Koch, 1844)] and one of Rhipicephalus Latreille, 1806 [R. (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1888)]. Ticks were collected from: Cariama cristata (Linnaeus, 1766) (Cariamidae); Cerdocyon thous Linnaeus, 1766 and Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger,1815 (Canidae); Leopardus pardalis Linnaeus, 1758 (Felidae); Mazama gouazoubira Fischer, 1814 (Cervidae); Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758 (Myrmecophagidae); Sphiggurus villosus (F. Cuvier, 1823) (Erethizontidae). In this study no new parasite-host relationships were found, however, wild animals can be vectors of important diseases, and monitoring the occurrence of ectoparasites in wildlife is a significant step in public health policies.

DETERMINACIÓN DE LA CONCENTRACIÓN EFECTIVA 50, 90 Y 99 DE IVERMECTINA SOBRE UNA CEPA DE GARRAPATA COMÚN DEL BOVINO (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus) PROVENIENTE DE LA PROVINCIA DE SANTA FE-ARGENTINA

The aim of this study was to obtain the sensitivity data of the native strains of R. microplus to ivermectin (IVM) in the province of Santa Fe-Argentina, in order to detect the emergence of resistant strains. Native (field isolation) and susceptible (reference) larvae of R. microplus were treated with increasing concentrations of IVM in order to determine its efficacy at different doses. The statistical treatment of the concentration-efficacy curves was performed by the PROBIT model, who is a standardized method proposed by FAO. The results obtained indicated that the larvae isolated were susceptible, being the values of LD50 (9.66 ppm) and LD90 (17.41 ppm), which were lower than those of the reference strain (LD50:13.58 ppm, LD90:19.31 ppm), and the RR (resistance ratio) were less than one (RR50: 0.711; RR90: 0.901). The DL99 (51.48 ppm) was only obtained in the reference strain to determine the discriminant dose (DL99x2), which is a parameter that could be used to easily discriminate susceptible and resistant larvae populations.