Temperatures in wheat during radiation frost

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (77) ◽  
pp. 818 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Marcellos ◽  
WV Single
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Station ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Crop Development

Plant and air temperatures were measured during radiation frost within a crop of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Timgalen) grown in 1974 on the Liverpool Plains Field Station, Breeza, New South Wales. Observations were made at different heights within the canopy at several stages of crop development, and these were related to screen and grass minimum temperatures recorded in a meteorological enclosure adjacent to the crop. Coldest conditions were found near the surface of the crop where temperatures were as much as 2�C lower than those in middle regions of the canopy. The temperature just below the soil surface was between 4� and 6�C warmer than that of plant or air at 5 cm to 10 cm above its surface. Grass minimum temperature was linearly related to screen minimum and found to be 3�C lower. Either measurement was useful in estimating the lowest temperature within that canopy.

Some investigations into soil and vegetation relationships associated with alkaline-saline soil surfaces in the Walcha area, Northern Tablelands, New South Wales

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
KH Kreeb ◽  
RDB Whalley ◽  
JL Charley
Keyword(s):  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Alkali Cations ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Wide Range

The characteristics of the soil, vegetation and groundwater at a dryland salinity site on Miramoona, a property near Walcha on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, were investigated. Soil parameters measured at 23 points along a 200 m transect were highly correlated with the pattern of vegetation. Of overriding significance was soil pH, which varied from a high of over 10 on bare areas delineated by Critesion marinum and Cynodon dactylon to a low of less than 5 on grazing land supporting the growth of a wide range of pasture species. The bare areas were characterized by alkalinity. While they were sodic at all depths measured, they were only marginally saline and then only at the soil surface. The chemical composition of the groundwater collected from three piezometer tubes varied quite markedly over the site. It is hypothesized that the presence of alkaline bare areas on the Northern Tablelands is not a new problem, but rather the natural result of alternating wet and dry periods which have induced accumulation of carbonates and bicarbonates of the alkali cations, notably sodium. Drainage of the original perched swamps by the early landholders, tree clearing and the grazing of domestic livestock would have accelerated the process since European settlement. However, tree planting would appear unlikely to have any impact on the reclamation process in the short term. A more viable option would be the recreation of the original swamps in suitable situations, although this solution would create problems for grazing management.

The herpetofauna of Kioloa, New South Wales: baseline observational data collected 30 years ago and inspired by R. E. Barwick

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Henle ◽  
Will Osborne ◽  
Frank Lemckert
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Field Station ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Anthropogenic Habitat ◽  
Reptile Species ◽  
Frog Species

There is increasing concern about the global decline of amphibians and reptiles. One problem with documenting declines and identifying underlying causes is the absence of historical data to compare to current data. Here we provide historic data for Kioloa on the south-eastern coast of New South Wales. In this region considerable clearing of natural forest and woodland and creation of farmland ponds took place during the second half of the 20th century. The Australian National University has a field station at Kioloa and R.E. Barwick introduced us to the field station and what was known of the herpetofauna in the mid-1980s. We undertook detailed observational surveys of the herpetofauna at this time and we revisited the area at other times, focusing on the coastal habitats. We found 13 species of frogs and 11 species of reptiles. Three further frog species and one reptile species known to occur in the area in the 1980s were not detected by us. More recently, one further frog species and six reptile species were added to the list, raising the total to 17 frog and 18 reptile species. The number and composition was similar to other locations of coastal New South Wales, except for some of the rarely encountered species. No strictly forest-dependent species were observed in the partially cleared survey area and such species presumably had already disappeared from these areas already before we commenced our observations. The frog Pseudophryne bibronii was still common in tall open-forest but was uncommon in partially cleared areas. Six species of frogs and one species of reptile presumably benefited from the anthropogenic habitat modifications. No declines of common species of reptiles occurred between the mid-1980s and 1993 but all species of frogs were very rare in 1993 due to very dry conditions. Litoria aurea, a threatened species of frog that was widespread in the mid-1980s, survives (2012) only at one site in the area.

Predictions of likely theft by ants of oversown seed for the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (79) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
GG Johns ◽  
LR Greenup
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Seed Type ◽  
Fine Weather ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Seed Placement ◽  
Coated Seed ◽  
Observation Period

At Armidale, New South Wales, ant theft rates of pasture seeds at sites that had been topdressed with 10 kg ha-1 seed immediately before a four day observation period averaged 27 per cent less than on areas where no such application was made. Strong regression relationships were established between theft rates of the various seed types and both air and soil temperatures, but no relationship was found between either relative humidity or soil water availability and theft rate. High theft rates recorded in the first 24 hours after seed placement were not sustained over longer periods of time. A relationship between the decline in theft rate and the quantity of seed available was established. A series of predictions have been made of the proportion of seed likely to remain during fine weather following oversowing in the Armidale environment. These predictions incorporate seed type, time since sowing and prevailing air temperatures. It is predicted that during winter 70 to 80 per cent of bare seed and 90 to 97 per cent of coated seed could remain 30 days after oversowing. During summer the comparable figures are 7 to 30 per cent and 22 to 36 per cent respectively.

Pythium erinaceum. [Distribution map].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
South Wales ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Pythium erinaceum Robertson. Hosts: Triticum aestivum, Lupinus sp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia, New South Wales, New Zealand.

Summer and Winter observations of the behaviour of the Euro Macropus robustus (Gould)

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 655 ◽  
Author(s):  
EM Russell
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Activity Time ◽  
Complete Protection ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Rocky Outcrop ◽  
Dense Tree

Types of habitat in which euros were seen during the day in summer in the far west of New South Wales are described. At air temperatures between 32.5 and 42.5�C, more animals were seen in shelters among a rocky outcrop providing almost complete protection from solar radiation than among dense tree-shrub shelters which did not afford the same degree of protection. At lower air temperatures, more animals were seen in tree-shrub shelters. The most noticeable features of the behaviour of the animals in these shelters were the relatively high proportion of time spent standing crouched and the time spent licking forelimbs and abdomen in relation to any other grooming activity. Time spent licking tends to increase at higher temperatures, and there is also a slight positive correlation between time spent standing and temperature.

Regeneration of annual winter legumes at Tamworth, New South Wales

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (66) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
MW Hagon
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Hard Seeds ◽  
Improved Cultivars

The seed production and regeneration of a range of naturalized and introduced cultivars of annual clovers and medics was studied at Tamworth, New South Wales, between 1971 and 1973. Seed production was correlated with maturity grading within species only when moisture stress occurred in late spring. The proportion of seed lost as summer seedlings and the proportion of unrecovered seed were greater the lower the level of hardseededness. A greater proportion of unrecovered seed was recorded for those cultivars which bore their burrs at the soil surface. As a group the medics had a higher proportion of residual hard seeds than did the clovers. The results are discussed in relation to the likely persistence of improved cultivars compared to the successful persistence of the naturalized medics and clovers in the Tamworth district.

Factors contributing to the acid sulfate soil scalding process in the coastal floodplains of New South Wales, Australia

Soil Research ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Rosicky ◽  
Leigh A. Sullivan ◽  
Peter G. Slavich ◽  
Mike Hughes
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Pyrite Oxidation ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Acid Sulfate Soil ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Acid Sulfate ◽  
South Wales

Acid sulfate soil (ASS) scalds are persistently bare areas of land, occurring in the coastal backswamps of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. This study aims to understand why particular areas become ASS scalds, while adjacent areas remain vegetated. Some important soil parameters are compared and field observations are summarised. Soil core sampling in both ASS-scalded land and surrounding areas of permanently vegetated paddocks has demonstrated similar pyrite concentrations and depth occurrence, soil salinity, and soil acidity (pH). As conditions are similar beneath both vegetated and non-vegetated land, there must be some additional factors influencing which areas become denuded. Several disparate (usually human-induced) events were found to cause initial loss of vegetative cover. Once the soil is bare, surface evaporation causes toxic solutes to build up quickly at the soil surface and ASS scalding is perpetuated. Some of the intervening events include fire, flood, flood-scouring, deliberate topsoil removal, surface pyrite oxidation, saltwater inundation of freshwater paddocks, saltwater exclusion from saltmarsh or mangroves, changes to the vegetation regimes, excessive vehicular traffic, and over-grazing. Backswamp management needs to ensure that land underlain by shallow pyritic layers (or with soil-water that is enriched with the toxic by-products of pyrite oxidation) is not laid bare by accident or design. Similar soil chemical conditions underlying both ASS scalds and the surrounding permanently vegetated paddocks suggest that much larger areas are potentially at risk of ASS scalding.

scholarly journals Early Australian Optical and Radio Observations of Centaurus A

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Robertson ◽  
Glen Cozens ◽  
Wayne Orchiston ◽  
Bruce Slee ◽  
Harry Wendt
Keyword(s):  
Radio Source ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Optical Counterpart ◽  
Field Station ◽  
South Wales ◽  
British Colony ◽  
History Of ◽  
Space Sciences ◽  
Centaurus A

AbstractThe discovery of the radio source Centaurus A and its optical counterpart NGC 5128 were important landmarks in the history of Australian astronomy. NGC 5128 was first observed in August 1826 by James Dunlop during a survey of southern objects at the Parramatta Observatory, west of the settlement at Sydney Cove. The observatory had been founded a few years earlier by Thomas Brisbane, the new governor of the British colony of New South Wales. Just over 120 years later, John Bolton, Gordon Stanley and Bruce Slee discovered the radio source Centaurus A at the Dover Heights field station in Sydney, operated by CSIRO's Radiophysics Laboratory (the forerunner to CSIRO Astronomy and Space Sciences). This paper will describe this early historical work and summarize further studies of Centaurus A by other Radiophysics groups up to 1960.

Irrigation increases groundwater recharge in the Macquarie Valley

Soil Research ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 837 ◽  
Author(s):  
TM Willis ◽  
AS Black
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Deep Percolation ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Chloride Profiles ◽  
Groundwater Rise

Rising groundwater, and the potential for development of shallow watertables, were recognised in the Lower Macquarie Valley of New South Wales in the late 1980s. Irrigated agriculture was proposed as a possible source of the recharge causing the problem. This paper reports the increase in deep percolation rates resulting from cotton irrigation on 4 soils in the Lower Macquarie Valley, New South Wales. Changes in deep percolation rates were measured on these soils over the long-term, using temporally separated chloride profiles and mass balance modelling. These changes in long-term deep percolation rates were integrated over all years since irrigation commenced. Irrigation affected deep percolation on all soils, with an increase in long-term mean rates ranging from 17 to 202 mm/year. This equated to increased leaching rates ranging from 3 to 25%. Deep percolation appeared to be related to the clay content of the B horizon. The potential groundwater rise varied from 37 to 524 mm/year. The largest increases in deep percolation rates corresponded to sites where the watertable was closest to the soil surface. This suggests that the development of shallow watertables is related to recharge resulting from irrigated agriculture. Detailed studies of deep percolation under irrigated agriculture are required in the Macquarie Valley.

Surface and sub-surface salinity in and around acid sulfate soil scalds in the coastal floodplains of New South Wales, Australia

Soil Research ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Rosicky ◽  
Peter Slavich ◽  
Leigh A. Sullivan ◽  
Mike Hughes
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Pyrite Oxidation ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Acid Sulfate Soil ◽  
Surface Salinity ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Acid Sulfate ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Land Denudation

Two-metre-deep soil profiles at 10 acid sulfate soil (ASS) scalds along the coast of New South Wales (NSW), Australia, were examined for salinity indicators. At 5 of the sites, permanently vegetated areas adjacent to the ASS-scalded land were also tested. Throughout the profiles, most sites had high soluble chloride (Cl−) concentrations (≤17 mg/g soil) and high soluble sulfate (SO42−) concentrations (≤17 mg/g soil). Very low Cl− : SO42− ratios (≤3) indicated active pyrite oxidation. Soil salinity (measured as electrical conductivity, EC) was extremely high in the top 2 m of most of the ASS scalds when related to the growth requirements of the typical introduced pasture species that were planted in these areas following drainage. This allows salinity, in addition to the extremely low pH of the surface soils, to contribute to land denudation, which can instigate or perpetuate pyrite oxidation and ASS-related land scalding. Although the sites had shallow watertables and soil-moisture content was high, the surface soil (top 0.10 m) of the scalds had consistently higher soluble Cl− and SO42− concentrations and EC than adjacent vegetated areas. All coastal ASS areas investigated, typically freshwater backswamps used for cattle grazing, were underlain by estuarine-derived sediments containing saline ground water. The results demonstrate that revegetation of ASS scalds must include investigation and management of salinity, in addition to acidity, within the soil profile and at the soil surface.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document