Observational study for strong downslope wind event under fine weather condition during ICE-POP 2018

A strong downslope wind event under fine weather condition on 13–15 February 2018 was examined by various observational and high resolution reanalysis datasets during the 2018 Winter Olympic and Paralympic games in Pyeongchang, Korea. High spatio-temporal resolution of wind information was obtained by Doppler lidars, automatic weather stations (AWS), wind profiler, and sounding observations under the International Collaborative Experiments for Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic winter games (ICE-POP 2018). This study aimed to understand the possible generation mechanisms of localized strong wind event across high mountainous areas and in the lee side of mountains associated with the underlying large-scale pattern of a low-pressure system (LPS). The spatial distribution of linear trends for surface wind shows different patterns, exhibiting increased trend in the lee side and a persistent one in mountainous areas with the approaching LPS. Surface wind speed was intensified dramatically from ~3 to ~12 m s−1 (gust was stronger than 20 m s−1 above ground) at a surface station in the lee side (named as GWW). However, the mountainous station at DGW site appeared to have a persistently strong wind (~10 m s−1) during the research period. Budget analysis of horizontal momentum equation and local reanalysis data suggests that the pressure gradient force (PGF) derived by adiabatic warming along the downslope and subsequent hydraulic jump in the lee side of mountains was a main factor in the acceleration of the surface wind at the GWW site. Detailed analysis of the retrieved 3D winds reveals that the PGF also dominate at the DGW site, which causes the persistent strong wind that is related to the channeling effect across the valley areas in the mountain range. The observational evidence presented here shows that the different mechanisms in local areas under the same synoptic condition with LPS are important references in determining the strength and persistence of the orographic-induced strong winds under fine weather condition.

ANALISIS DAERAH RAWAN KECELAKAAN (BLACKSPOT) DI JALAN TOL JAGORAWI

Traffic accidents are a problem, especially on toll roadsbecause toll roads are designed as highways with high levels of comfort, smoothness and safety The number of accidents on Indonesian toll roads is still high. This research is expected to be able to address the above problems, especially the identification of accident-prone locations (black spot), accident characteristics, and proposed treatment at black spot. The location of the study was the Jagorawi Toll Road (2015 - 2017) for 49 Km. Identification of black spot used the Accident Equivalent Rate (AEK) method, and identified locations prone to accidents (black spot) on Jakarta - Ciawi route were Km 08 - 09, Km 22 - 31, Km 33 – 37, and Km 39 – 43, while on Ciawi - Jakarta, tracks were Km 04 - 09, Km 21 - 23, Km 28 - 29, Km 34 - 35, Km 40 – 41, and Km 44 - 45. Identification of accident characteristics using data approach analysis and statistical analysis were fine weather, one-lane, 00.00 - 06.00, lack of anticipation, self-accident and mini bus. The proposed handling of accident-prone locations (black spot) to reduce the number of accidents is by Minimum Service Standards (MSS) of toll road safety, such as traffic signs, street lighting, rumble strips and other toll road safety equipment. Keywords : Black spot, Equivalent Accident Number, Accident CharacteristicsAbstrak Kecelakaan lalu – lintas merupakan salah satu masalah, khususnya pada jalan tol. Dikarenakan jalan tol dirancang sebagai jalan bebas hambatan dengan tingkat kenyamanan, kelancaran dan keselamatan tinggi, tetapi jumlah kecelakaan di jalan tol Indonesia masih tinggi. Penelitian ini diharap dapat menjawab permasalahan diatas, khususnya identifikasi lokasi rawan kecelakaan (Blackspot), karakteristik kecelakaan, dan usulan penanganan pada lokasi rawan kecelakaan. Lokasi penelitian yang diambil yaitu Jalan Tol Jagorawi (2015 – 2017) sepanjang 49 Km. Identifikasi lokasi rawan kecelakaan menggunakan metode Angka Ekivalen Kecelakaan (AEK), lokasi yang teridentifikasi rawan kecelakaan pada jalur Jakarta – Ciawi yaitu Km 08 - 09, Km 22 – 31, Km 33 – 37 dan Km 39 – 43. Sementara pada jalur Ciawi – Jakarta yaitu Km 04 – 09, Km 21 – 23, Km 28 – 29, Km 34 – 35, Km 40 – 41 dan Km 44 – 45. Karakteristik kecelakaan menggunakan analisis pendekatan data dan analisis statistik yaitu: Cuaca cerah, lajur satu, 00.00 – 06.00, kurang antisipasi, kecelakaan sendiri dan mini bus. Usulan penanganan yang dilakukan pada lokasi rawan kecelakaan untuk mengurangi jumlah kecelakaan adalah dengan Standar Pelayanan Minimum (SPM) bidang keselamatan jalan tol, seperti rambu lalu lintas, lampu penerangan jalan, pita pengaduh (rumble strip) dan kelengkapan lainnya.Kata kunci : Lokasi Rawan Kecelakaan, Angka Ekivalen Kecelakaan, Karakteristik Kecelakaan

Aquinas on the Emotion of Hope

Hope is important in Thomas Aquinas’s account of the emotions: it is one of the four primary emotions and the first of the irascible emotions. Yet his account of hope as a movement of the sensory appetite toward a future possible good that is arduous to attain appears to be overly restrictive, for people often hope for things that are not cognized as arduous (e.g., when I hope for fine weather on my wedding day, that a professional athlete remains in good health, or that an experimental medicine is effective). This paper examines Aquinas’s reasons for limiting hope to arduous goods.

„Góra szczęścia” Jonasa Biliũnasa

Jonas Biliūnas’ “Mountain of Happiness” The oeuvre of Jonas Biliūnas 1879–1907 marks the birth of Lithuanian lyrical psychological prose, which was influenced by the modernist ideas of relativism. His works brought into the Lithuanian canon of realist story the motifs of transitoriness of human existence, fragility of life, sadness. Biliūnas was the first Lithuanian writer who was professionally prepared for his trade. He studied literature and related disciplines at universities in Switzerland, which gradually became a centre of Lithuanian intelligentsia already in the 19th century. The short stories written at that time indicated the writer’s maturing talent. The Alps played asignificant role in Biliūnas’ life; this is where in 1904–1907 he wrote his best works, three of which are thematically associated with the mountains: the literary sketch Fine Weather on the Uetliberg Ant Uetlibergo giedra!, the short story Snowstorm in the Mountains Pūga kalnuose and the allegorical tale The Beacon of Happiness Laimės žiburys — one of the most important works written in Zurich. A serious illness prevented the writer from fully developing his talent. On 8 December 1907 he died at the age of 28 in his wife’s arms in asanatorium in Zakopane. He was buried in Pęksowy Brzysk. Thanks to the efforts of the Lithuanian writer Antanas Vienuolis Biliūnas’ remains were brought back to Lithuania, where he was laid to rest on ahill in Liudiškiai, near Anykščiai. In 1958 a monument called “Beacon of happiness” was erected on Biliūnas’ grave. The hill with the mo­nument became asymbol the meaning of which is expressed in the tale The Beacon of Happiness. Today some people climb the hill to honour the writer’s memory, while others — believing in its sacred nature — hope that it will bring them happiness.

Chapter VII

The morning was becoming extremely hot. With the coming of the first fine weather, the sun made this vast, rocky amphitheatre into a flaming furnace. Abbé Mouret, judging by the height of the sun in the sky, realized he barely had time to get...

Chapter II

The next day the fine weather had gone, and it was raining. Serge, whose fever had returned, spent a day of suffering, with his eyes fixed despairingly on the curtains, from which came only a sinister light, cavern-like and grey as ash. He could...