Effect of sowing point design and tillage practice on the incidence of Rhizoctonia root rot, take-all and cereal cyst nematode in wheat and barley

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 683 ◽  
Author(s):  
DK Roget ◽  
SM Neate ◽  
AD Rovira
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Cereal Cyst Nematode ◽  
Tillage Practice ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Cereal Root ◽  
Take All

Effect of tillage treatments on the cereal root diseases, rhizoctonia root rot, take-all and cereal cyst nematode, and on grain yield of cereals were tested in 4 field experiments over 3 years. Conventionally cultivated treatments were compared with a range of direct-drill treatments using either a standard tined seed drill equipped with 10 cm sowing points, a specialised drill designed to give minimal soil disturbance or a standard tined seed drill equipped with a range of commercial or modified narrow points designed to provide soil disturbance from 0 to 5.0 cm below seed depth. Direct-drilled treatments that disturbed the soil below seed depth (DDD) and treatments that included 1 cultivation prior to sowing (CPS) resulted in a reduction of rhizoctonia root rot when compared with direct-drilled treatments that did not disturb the soil below seed depth (DDN). When seasonal conditions encouraged volunteer plant growth before sowing, a chemical fallow treatment applied 3 weeks before sowing significantly reduced rhizoctonia root rot in all direct-drilled plots. This was a significant factor in DDD treatments providing effective control of rhizoctonia root rot. Take-all was present in 3 of the 4 experiments. In 2 experiments, take-all was significantly higher in plots following DDN treatments than DDD or CPS treatments and in 1 experiment there was no effect of tillage. Cereal cyst nematode was present in 1 of the 4 experiments. The level of root damage from cereal cyst nematode was least in plots following DDN treatments, higher following DDD treatments and highest following CPS treatments. The influence of tillage practice on grain yield was closely related to the effect of tillage on cereal root disease when levels of disease were moderate to high. Where the incidence of root disease was low, grain yield differences due to tillage treatments were generally related to agronomic factors such as seed depth and seedbed condition.

Effects of cultivation on Rhizoctonia root rot, cereal cyst nematode, common root rot and yield of wheat in the Victorian Mallee

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
RFde Boer ◽  
JF Kollmorgen ◽  
BJ Macauley ◽  
PR Franz ◽  
Boer RF De
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Cereal Cyst Nematode ◽  
Common Root ◽  
Common Root Rot ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Direct Drilling

The effects of method, time and number of cultivations on root diseases and yield of wheat were studied in a field experiment, in 1985, on a calcareous sandy loam in the Victorian Mallee. The incidence and severity of rhizoctonia root rot (Rhizoctonia solani) were higher in direct-drilled wheat than in wheat sown after cultivation. Compared with direct drilling, the severity of rhizoctonia root rot in seedlings was reduced by 40% with cultivation 20 weeks before sowing; by 70% with cultivation 1 day before sowing; and by 90% with 2 cultivations, the first at 16 weeks and the second 1 day before sowing. Cultivation generally increased the incidence of common root rot (Bipolaris sorokiniana) but had no significant effects on the severity of damage by the cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) or the number of nematode cysts produced, compared with direct drilling. The incidence and severity of root diseases, and the number of H. avenae cysts produced, were not significantly different in wheat sown after rotary hoeing than in wheat sown after scarifying. The severity of damage by H. avenae, the number of nematode cysts and the incidence of common root rot were higher (45, 70 and 36%, respectively) when scarifying was done 1 day before sowing, compared with scarifying 20 weeks earlier. Differences in sowing depth probably caused this effect since seed was sown deeper (as indicated by subcrown internode lengths) and plant emergence was less in the latter treatment. The timing and number of cultivations with a rotary hoe, however, did not significantly affect the severity of damage by H. avenae, the number of nematode cysts or the incidence of common root rot. The incidence of common root rot was correlated (r = 0.71) with the subcrown internode lengths, indicating that the deeper the seed was sown the greater the proportion of plants with the disease. Dry weight of seedlings and grain yield were negatively correlated (r = -0.79 and -0.66) with the severity of damage caused by H. avenae. Plant dry weight and grain yield were, however, not correlated with the severity of rhizoctonia root rot or the incidence of common root rot.

scholarly journals Pseudomonas synxantha 2-79 Transformed with Pyrrolnitrin Biosynthesis Genes Has Improved Biocontrol Activity Against Soilborne Pathogens of Wheat and Canola

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 1010-1017
Author(s):  
Jibin Zhang ◽  
Dmitri V. Mavrodi ◽  
Mingming Yang ◽  
Linda S. Thomashow ◽  
Olga V. Mavrodi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Pythium Ultimum ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Recombinant Strains ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Take All

A four-gene operon (prnABCD) from Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5 encoding the biosynthesis of the antibiotic pyrronitrin was introduced into P. synxantha (formerly P. fluorescens) 2-79, an aggressive root colonizer of both dryland and irrigated wheat roots that naturally produces the antibiotic phenazine-1-carboxylic acid and suppresses both take-all and Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat. Recombinant strains ZHW15 and ZHW25 produced both antibiotics and maintained population sizes in the rhizosphere of wheat that were comparable to those of strain 2-79. The recombinant strains inhibited in vitro the wheat pathogens Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 8 (AG-8) and AG-2-1, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium culmorum, and F. pseudograminearum significantly more than did strain 2-79. Both the wild-type and recombinant strains were equally inhibitory of Pythium ultimum. When applied as a seed treatment, the recombinant strains suppressed take-all, Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat, and Rhizoctonia root and stem rot of canola significantly better than did wild-type strain 2-79.

Chemical control of the cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) in the Victorian Mallee

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (43) ◽  
pp. 172 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Brown ◽  
JW Meagher ◽  
NK McSwain
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Lake Victoria ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Cereal Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Avenae ◽  
Ethylene Dibromide ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Cyst Production ◽  
Carry Over

The nematicides Temik (2, methyl 2 (methylthio) propionaldehyde 0-(methylcarbamol) oxime), Lannate (S methyl N-((methylcarbamoyl) oxy) thioacetimidate), ethylene dibromide, and dibromochloropropane were tested for control of the cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae Woll.) in field experiments with wheat in the 1968-69 season at Sea Lake, Victoria. All chemical treatments significantly reduced white cyst production, and four of the treatments increased grain yield, and reduced nematode carry-over. Temik broadcast at 11 kg a.i. per hectare provided the best nematode control and more than trebled grain yield. Lannate (13 kg a.i. per hectare) was almost as effective. Dibromochloropropane was an effective nematicide, but at 65 1 per hectare was phytotoxic.

Effect of short chemical fallow on Rhizoctonia bare patch and root rot of wheat at Esperance, Western Australia

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 671 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC MacNish ◽  
CS Fang
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Bare Patch ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Mixture Prior ◽  
Chemical Fallow

The effects of short chemical fallows after ryegrass pasture on rhizoctonia bare patch and root rot ofwheat were studied in 2 experiments at the Esperance Downs Research Station, 35 km north of Esperance, W.A. In 1 experiment the subterranean-clover dominant pasture was sprayed with a paraquat-diquat mixture prior to resowing with annual ryegrass at densities ranging from 3 to about 400 plants m-2. The ryegrass was allowed to grow for either 42 or 63 days prior to treatment with a desiccant herbicide (paraquat-diquat) followed by a short chemical fallow of 26 or 5 days, respectively, before sowing with wheat using minimum tillage. Some treatments were cultivated twice to 10 cm. Neither the ryegrass density nor the length of chemical fallow had any effect (P=0.05) on rhizoctonia bare patch score or incidence or severity of root rot. However, cultivation caused 76% reduction in mean patch score and a 38 and 68% reduction in mean rhizoctonia incidence and severity respectively. Yield was negatively correlated with rhizoctonia incidence and severity: each 1% increase in incidence percentage resulted in 17 kg ha-1 reduction in grain yield of wheat. In another experiment, chemical fallow periods of 66, 52, 24 or 1 day prior to sowing wheat had no effect (P= 0.05) on rhizoctonia root rot incidence.

Relationships between wheat varieties on the basis of grain yield for South Australian farms

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
DG Pederson
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Cereal Cyst Nematode ◽  
Boron Toxicity ◽  
Graphical Representations ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Principal Coordinates ◽  
Measure Of Association

In South Australia there were 116 receival sites for wheat grown on farms in the 1984-85 and 1985-86 seasons. The amounts received were recorded according to variety, and in this study an analysis was carried out of the yields of the top 15 varieties for the two seasons.Distribution maps were produced for two of the varieties to demonstrate how the distribution of a variety can be related to environmental factors. A measure of association was calculated for each pair of varieties and graphical representations of the inter-varietal distances were obtained from principal coordinates analyses. Examples were given of closely associated varieties for which the probable link was tolerance to boron toxicity, for one pair of varieties, and resistance to cereal cyst nematode, for a second pair of varieties.

Chemical control of the cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) in Victoria. A comparison of systemic and contact nematicides

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (59) ◽  
pp. 662 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Brown
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Lake Victoria ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Cereal Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Avenae ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Cyst Production ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Carry Over

The nematicides Temik (2, methyl 2 (methylthio) propionaldehyde 0-(methylcarbamoyl) oxime), Lannate (S methyl N-((methylcarbamoyl) oxy) thioacetimidate), Nemafos (0, 0-diethyl 0-2 pyrazinyl phosphorothioate), Nemacur P (ethyl 4-(methylthio)-m-tolyl isopropyl phosphoramidate), Mocap (0-ethyl S, S-dipropyl phosphorothioate), and Vydate (S-methyl l-(dimethylcarbam0~1)-N-((methylcarbamoyl) oxy) thioformidate) were tested for control of the cereal cyst nematode (Hekrodera avenae Woll.) in field experiments with wheat in the seasons 1969-70 to 1971-72 at Sea Lake, Victoria. All chemical treatments significantly reduced white cyst production and nematode carry-over in each of the three seasons. In 1969 the plots were severely damaged by field mice, and in 1970 unfavourable seasonal conditions prevented large increases in grain yield from being obtained, although significant yield increases were obtained in 1971. Temik (9 kg a.i. ha-1) and Vydate (2 kg a.i. ha-1) provided excellent nematode control and gave the best grain yield increases (880 kg ha-1). Plants from plots treated with Temik at the higher rate (9 kg a.i. ha-1) were cyst-free in each experiment, and hlocap used at the same rate was severely phytotoxic. In a resowing experiment, all 1969 chemical treatments significantly reduced white cyst production and lowered nematode carry-over in 1971, although only four of the treatments provided significant increases in grain yield viz (Temik 9 at 2 kg a.i. ha-1 with added sulphate of ammonia, and Nemafos and Mocap both at 9 kg a i ha-1). Grain from plots treated with Temik and Lannate at the higher rate (9 kg a.i. ha-1) was analysed for the presence of chemical residues. No Lannate residues were detected, and Temik residues were less than 0.1 p.p.m

Effect of nitrogen and residual copper on the occurrence of Rhizoctonia bare patch in wheat grown near Esperance, Western Australia

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Plant Nutrition ◽  
Bare Patch ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Cu Deficiency ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot

The area of rhizoctonia bare patch and the incidence and severity of rhizoctonia root rot (caused by Rhizoctonia solani Khnn) were reduced by the application of ammonium nitrate fertiliser. Residual copper (Cu) from a Cu fertiliser treatment in 1967 had no effect on the area of rhizoctonia bare patch or the incidence and severity of root rot. With no applied nitrogen (N), 17.6% (mean of residual Cu levels) of the plot was affected by patches while the area of plot affected by patches declined to 4.2% where 92 kg N/ha had been applied. The incidence and severity of rhizoctonia root rot declined from 45.9 and 27.0% to 32.7 and 9.1%, respectively, with the application of N fertiliser. The grain yield of wheat supplied with adequate Cu increased although the level of N fertiliser exceeded that considered adequate for plant nutrition. The response is explained by the control of rhizoctonia bare patch. The area of rhizoctonia patches and the incidence and severity of rhizoctonia root rot decreased with the application of N, and with adequate Cu fertiliser (2.2 kg Cu/ha), the grain yields increased. However, with marginal and deficient levels of applied Cu fertiliser, the application of N fertiliser induced Cu deficiency in wheat plants, and the grain yields declined although rhizoctonia patches were reduced.

Organic matter input influences incidence of root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG8 and microorganisms associated with plant root disease suppression in three Australian agricultural soils

Soil Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowena S. Davey ◽  
Ann M. McNeill ◽  
Stephen J. Barnett ◽  
Vadakattu V. S. R. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot

Soil-borne plant root disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG8 is prevalent in cereal farming systems worldwide, particularly in semiarid agricultural regions. A controlled environment study was undertaken using three Australian soils to test the hypothesis that OM input from crop roots and residues decreases infection by Rhizoctonia root rot via biologically mediated disease suppression. The specific aim was to determine the relative effect of two different OM inputs (wheat stubble or roots) on (a) abundance (DNA) of the pathogen R. solani AG8 and soil organisms putatively associated with disease suppression, and (b) incidence of Rhizoctonia root rot infection of wheat seedlings (% root infected). An increase in microbial biomass carbon (C) following OM amendment indicated a potential for enhanced general biological disease suppression in all soils. OM inputs also increased the population size (DNA) of certain bacteria and fungi putatively associated with specific suppression for Rhizoctonia root rot, suggesting a C resource-mediated change in microbial functions related to disease suppression. There were no significant changes to measured pathogens with stubble addition. However, OM inputs via root residues and rhizodeposits from living roots increased the populations of R. solani AG8 and Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici so that in subsequently planted wheat there was greater incidence of root disease infection and reduced plant shoot and root DM compared with that following OM input as stubble. Differences between soils in terms of plant and soil organism responses to each OM input suggest that abiotic factors modify the development of biological disease suppression and the expression of the disease.

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