Phylogenetic relationships within Dendroligotrichum and Polytrichadelphus (Polytrichaceae, Polytrichopsida) in the Palaeoaustral region. Studies in austral temperate rainforest bryophytes 32

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Stech ◽  
Tanja Pfeiffer ◽  
Wolfgang Frey
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Trnl Intron ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
The One

Plastid trnT–F and atpB–rbcL spacer sequences as well as AFLP fingerprints are utilised to infer phylogenetic relationships of Dendroligotrichum and Polytrichadelphus taxa (Polytrichaceae) in the palaeoaustral region. Phylogenies based on DNA sequence data support the monophyly of each genus. Relationships within Dendroligotrichum remain ambiguous owing to low sequence divergence. AFLP fingerprinting, however, allows a clear distinction of all included Dendroligotrichum and Polytrichadelphus taxa at the species level. The morphological, distributional, ecological and molecular differences justify the recognition of the following three species in Dendroligotrichum: D. dendroides (Brid. ex Hedw.) Broth. and D. squamosum (Hook.f. & Wilson) Cardot in southern South America, as well as D. microdendron (Müll. Hal.) G.L.Sm. in New Zealand; and the following two species in Polytrichadelphus: P. magellanicus (Hedw.) Mitt. s.str. in southern South America and P. innovans (Müll. Hal.) A.Jäger in Australia and New Zealand. For Polytrichadelphus, the molecular topologies correspond with a vicariance scenario, with a basic split of taxa in the palaeoaustral region followed by migration of southern South American taxa northwards into the Neotropics. In Dendroligotrichum, substitutions and indels in the trnL intron and atpB–rbcL spacer are ambiguous in supporting either a basic split between the South American species and D. microdendron, similar to the one in Polytrichadelphus, or a trans-oceanic dispersal event between New Zealand and southern South America.

Phylogenetic relationships among southern South American species of Camptosema, Galactia and Collaea (Diocleinae: Papilionoideae: Leguminosae) on the basis of molecular and morphological data

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvana M. Sede ◽  
Daniela Tosto ◽  
Paola Talia ◽  
Melissa Luckow ◽  
Lidia Poggio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Aflp Data ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Good Support

The neotropical genus Camptosema in its southern distribution is represented by the following four species: Ca. paraguariense, Ca. praeandinum, Ca. rubicundum and Ca. scarlatinum. Ca. rubicundum is the only species with all the diagnostic characters of the genus, i.e. tubular calyx. The other three taxa are related morphologically and cytologically to Galactia and Collaea, two closely allied genera in the subtribe Diocleinae. Individual and combined phylogenetic analyses of morphology, ITS and trnL-F were conducted to examine the position of these species as well as to explore their relationship with Galactia and Collaea species in southern South America. In none of the analyses does Camptosema species form a monophyletic group. Instead, they are scattered in different groups. These results together with cytological, morphological and AFLP data provide good support for re-evaluating the taxonomic position of these species within Camptosema.

scholarly journals Phylogeny, Phylogeography and Population Connectivity of Lessonia (Phaeophyceae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Peter Martin
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Population Connectivity ◽  
Disjunct Distribution ◽  
South American ◽  
Rocky Shores ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Cook Strait ◽  
Algal Genus

<p>The brown algal genus Lessonia is distributed in the Southern Hemisphere where it can form dominant kelp beds on the exposed rocky shores of New Zealand, South America and Tasmania. Its disjunct distribution within the West Wind Drift contrasts with the view that it is a poor disperser. Apart from studies in Chile, where it is an economically important genus, little is known about Lessonia and in some areas even the number of species is unknown. Using different genetic markers I examined the phylogeny, phylogeography, and the connectivity of populations in Lessonia. Using the literature, species affiliations and nomenclatural problems have been investigated. Combining the sequences of three mitochondrial, one chloroplast and two nuclear markers, a supermatrix approach was used to investigate the phylogenetic relationship and the timing of speciation for all known Lessonia species. The Australasian Lessonia species form a clade within a paraphyletic grouping of South American species. Radiation in Lessonia occurred about 5 Mya at the beginning of the Pliocene and rapid radiation took place in Australasia 3.5 Mya. The data also revealed cryptic species within a L. variegata species complex. Further analysis within the Australasian clade, using mitochondrial (atp8-sp) and chloroplast (rbc-sp) markers and wider sampling (469 individuals from 57 sample sites) supported four cryptic species and revealed localized distribution for all Australasian lineages. Genetic breaks between Lessonia lineages corresponded well to known biogeographic regions and could be correlated to the geographic structure of New Zealand at the end of the Pliocene. The Cook Strait region was analysed more closely with newly developed microsatellite markers to test the influence of geographic breaks (Cook Strait and Palliser Bay) on the connectivity of populations. The results suggested that connectivity depends on the width of unsuitable habitat, and within inner Cook Strait it is facilitated by sometimes strong tidal flows that create turbulences and unique current patterns. The results implied that rafting is an important mean of dispersal. The study of the early literature on Lessonia supported the new lectotypification of L. flavicans but revealed that L. frutescens and possibly L. ovata (supported by images of rediscovered herbarium material) are synonymous to L. searlesiana and as the older epithets they should have priority. Suggestions have been made for the lectotypification of L. fuscescens and L. ovata. In general Lessonia shows non-overlapping distribution in Australasia but overlapping distribution in South America. Despite being a poor disperser, indicated by fine scale genetic structure, Lessonia is also able to connect populations over wide areas of unsuitable habitats.</p>

On the taxonomy of southern South American species of the wolf spider genus Allocosa (Araneae: Lycosidae: Allocosinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4216 (3) ◽  
pp. 261 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIGUEL SIMÓ ◽  
ARNO A. LISE ◽  
GABRIEL POMPOZZI ◽  
ÁLVARO LABORDA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
Posterior Margin ◽  
Wolf Spider ◽  
South American ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
First Time ◽  
A New Species

Three species of the genus Allocosa Banks, 1900 from southern South America are redescribed: Allocosa alticeps (Mello-Leitão, 1944), A. brasiliensis (Petrunkevitch, 1910) and A. senex (Mello-Leitão, 1945). The female of A. senex is described for the first time and the species is revalidated. A new species, A. marindia sp. nov. from southern Uruguay and southern Brazil is described. The new species is distinguished by the flattened terminal apophysis of the male bulb and the conspicuous pointed projections on the posterior margin of the female epigynum. The species inhabits in sandy estuarine and oceanic coasts with psammophile vegetation. 

The phylogeny, biogeography and morphological evolution of Gaultheria (Ericaceae) from Australia and New Zealand

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine M. Bush ◽  
Steven J. Wagstaff ◽  
Peter W. Fritsch ◽  
Kathleen A. Kron
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Biogeographical Analysis ◽  
Dispersal Events ◽  
South American Origin

Phylogenetic relationships within Gaultheria L. from Australia and New Zealand were examined by using DNA sequence data from matK, ndhF, nrITS, waxy and lfy. In the combined parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses, all Australia/New Zealand species form a clade that is sister to a clade of temperate South American species. Optimisation of morphological characters that have been emphasised in classifications of Gaultheria onto the molecular phylogeny revealed that, within the Australia/New Zealand clade, non-fleshy fruiting calyces, berries and solitary-flowered inflorescences each evolved twice, from fleshy fruiting calyces, capsules and multiple-flowered inflorescences, respectively. A historical biogeographical analysis that included the temperate southern hemisphere element in Gaultheria supports a South American origin of the Australia/New Zealand clade, followed by three dispersal events from New Zealand to Australia. Whether the origin is from temperate or tropical South America is ambiguous in our analysis.

Morphometric study of three closely related South American species of Hordeum section Stenostachys (Poaceae)

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 496-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard R. Baum ◽  
L. Grant Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
South America ◽  
Species Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
South American ◽  
Morphological Investigation ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
Southern South America

This study investigates the morphologically distinguishable characteristics of Hordeum santacrucense Parodi et Nicora and Hordeum setifolium Parodi et Nicora, two recently described species from southern South America that are very similar morphologically, and Hordeum patagonicum (Hauman) Covas, also from southern South America and morphologically similar to the above two species. The three entities have not been kept at the species level by some authors. This paper provides the results of a morphological investigation as justification for their retention at the specific level. The character lemma backs pubescent in about half lower part distinguishes H. patagonicum from the other two; the character lodicules glabrous, or with one or two cilia distinguishes H. setifolium from H. santacrucense with ciliate lodicule margins. Key words: South American Hordeum, multivariate analysis, lodicules, taxonomy.

Notes on South American Carex section Schiedeanae and description of the new species Carex roalsoniana

Phytotaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 260 (2) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
PEDRO JIMÉNEZ-MEJÍAS ◽  
MARCIAL ESCUDERO
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
The Other ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern South America

The new species Carex roalsoniana (Cyperaceae) from Ecuador and Peru (northern South America) is here described and illustrated. It is related to C. subandrogyna, a species that has been placed in section Schiedeanae. An additional incertae sedis species, Carex lepida from Ecuador, may also be related to them. Section Schiedanae is a morphologically well-defined group previously known from southern North America (southern USA and Mexico), and southern South America (northern Argentina and southern Bolivia). The new species presents very clear-cut characters that distinguish it from all the other members of the section. Specifically, C. roalsoniana and C. subandrogyna differ in utricle morphology (3.6–4.1 mm long, with a beak 0.5–1.2 mm in C. roalsoniana vs. 2.4–2.9 mm long, with a beak up to 0.3 mm long or beakless in C. subandrogyna) and leaves (up to 3–4 mm wide, stiff, in C. roalsoniana vs. up to 5.6–7.5 mm wide, very soft in C. subandrogyna). Carex lepida is easily distinguished from C. roalsoniana and C. subandrogyna because its habit (rhizomes elongated vs. rhizomes densely caespitose) and number of stigmas (two vs. three). The glabrous nerveless utricles of the three South American species distinguish them from the North American species of the section, which have scabrid to hispidulous, conspicuously nerved utricles. The formal ascription of C. lepida among the South American members of section Schiedeanae is also discussed. A brief key to distinguish C. lepida and C. roalsoniana from the other species of the section and the co-occurring species is provided.

scholarly journals Phylogeny, Phylogeography and Population Connectivity of Lessonia (Phaeophyceae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Peter Martin
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Population Connectivity ◽  
Disjunct Distribution ◽  
South American ◽  
Rocky Shores ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Cook Strait ◽  
Algal Genus

<p>The brown algal genus Lessonia is distributed in the Southern Hemisphere where it can form dominant kelp beds on the exposed rocky shores of New Zealand, South America and Tasmania. Its disjunct distribution within the West Wind Drift contrasts with the view that it is a poor disperser. Apart from studies in Chile, where it is an economically important genus, little is known about Lessonia and in some areas even the number of species is unknown. Using different genetic markers I examined the phylogeny, phylogeography, and the connectivity of populations in Lessonia. Using the literature, species affiliations and nomenclatural problems have been investigated. Combining the sequences of three mitochondrial, one chloroplast and two nuclear markers, a supermatrix approach was used to investigate the phylogenetic relationship and the timing of speciation for all known Lessonia species. The Australasian Lessonia species form a clade within a paraphyletic grouping of South American species. Radiation in Lessonia occurred about 5 Mya at the beginning of the Pliocene and rapid radiation took place in Australasia 3.5 Mya. The data also revealed cryptic species within a L. variegata species complex. Further analysis within the Australasian clade, using mitochondrial (atp8-sp) and chloroplast (rbc-sp) markers and wider sampling (469 individuals from 57 sample sites) supported four cryptic species and revealed localized distribution for all Australasian lineages. Genetic breaks between Lessonia lineages corresponded well to known biogeographic regions and could be correlated to the geographic structure of New Zealand at the end of the Pliocene. The Cook Strait region was analysed more closely with newly developed microsatellite markers to test the influence of geographic breaks (Cook Strait and Palliser Bay) on the connectivity of populations. The results suggested that connectivity depends on the width of unsuitable habitat, and within inner Cook Strait it is facilitated by sometimes strong tidal flows that create turbulences and unique current patterns. The results implied that rafting is an important mean of dispersal. The study of the early literature on Lessonia supported the new lectotypification of L. flavicans but revealed that L. frutescens and possibly L. ovata (supported by images of rediscovered herbarium material) are synonymous to L. searlesiana and as the older epithets they should have priority. Suggestions have been made for the lectotypification of L. fuscescens and L. ovata. In general Lessonia shows non-overlapping distribution in Australasia but overlapping distribution in South America. Despite being a poor disperser, indicated by fine scale genetic structure, Lessonia is also able to connect populations over wide areas of unsuitable habitats.</p>

Redefinition of the vittata species group of Epicauta Dejean (1834) (Coleoptera: Meloidae) and taxonomic revision of the species from southern South America

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2824 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARÍA PAULA CAMPOS-SOLDINI ◽  
SERGIO ALBERTO ROIG-JUÑENT
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Species Group ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Northern South America ◽  
First Time

The Epicauta vittata group are commonly known as striped blister beetles and was defined by previous authors to include 32 species, 18 from North America, Central America and northern South America, and 14 from southern South America. In the present revision we revised 22 species from South America, excluding the following southern South American species: E. borgmeieri Denier, 1935; E. floydwerneri Martínez, 1955; E. franciscana Denier, 1935; E. fulginosa (Oliver, 1795); E. purpureiceps (Berg, 1889); E. rutilifrons Borchmann, 1930; and E. zebra (Dohrn, 1876) because they do not have the diagnostic characters of the group. The species of the E. vittata group from southern South America are: E. bosqi Denier, 1935; E. clericalis (Berg, 1881); E. grammica (Fischer, 1827); E. leopardina (Haag-Rutemberg, 1880); E. luteolineata Pic, 1933; E. missionum (Berg, 1881); E. monachica (Berg, 1883); E. rutilifrons Borchmann, 1930; plus two more species E. excavata (Klug, 1825); and E. semivittata (Fairmaire, 1875) until now not included in other groups. We provide a complete diagnosis of the E. vittata group from southern South America, redescribing and illustrating all included species. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of female and male genitalia are presented for the first time for these species. Finally, we provide an identification key for the ten species presently included in the E. vittata group, and update the geographic distribution of each species.

Revision of some types of Philonthus Stephens and Gabrius Stephens from southern South America (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), with nomenclatural notes

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2034 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIANA CHANI-POSSE DE MAUS
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
South American ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
New Synonymy

Based on my revision of types of southern South American species of Philonthus Stephens, 1829 and Gabrius Stephens, 1829 some nomenclatural changes are proposed. Five species of Philonthus are transferred to Gabrius resulting in the following new combinations: G. argentinus (Bernhauer, 1912), G. hornaditanus (Rambousek, 1925), G. jujuyensis (Bernhauer, 1921), G. nidicola (Bernhauer, 1921) and G. tucumanensis (Bernhauer, 1927). Philonthus hosmanni Bernhauer, 1912 is transferred to Heterothops Stephens, 1829 (Quediina). Five new synonymies within the genus Philonthus are proposed: P. tenebrosus Boheman, 1858 with P. quadraticeps Boheman, 1858 (valid name); P. catamarcanus Bernhauer, 1916 and P. weiseri Bernhauer, 1921 with P. bonariensis Bernhauer, 1909; P. emelinae Coiffait & Sáiz, 1968 with P. discoideus (Gravenhorst, 1802); Philonthus catamarcanus var. densior Bernhauer, 1916 with P. cribriventris Bernhauer, 1912. One old synonym is confirmed: P. perplexus Fairmaire & Germain, 1861 with P. longicornis Stephens, 1832. One new synonymy within the genus Gabrius is proposed: G. chiliensis Coiffait & Sáiz, 1968 with G. nigritulus (Gravenhorst, 1802). Lectotypes are designated for P. argentinus Bernhauer, 1912, P. bonariensis Bernhauer, 1909, P. catamarcanus Bernhauer, 1916, P. cribriventris Bernhauer, 1912, P. hornaditanus Rambousek, 1925, P. jujuyensis Bernhauer, 1921, P. nidicola Bernhauer, 1921, P. perplexus Fairmaire & Germain, 1861, P. quadraticeps Boheman, 1858, P. tenebrosus Boheman, 1858, P. tucumanensis Bernhauer, 1927 and P. weiseri Bernhauer, 1921.

Phylogeny and biogeography of southern hemisphere high-mountain Cardamine species (Brassicaceae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 575 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bleeker ◽  
A. Franzke ◽  
K. Pollmann ◽  
A. H. D. Brown ◽  
H. Hurka
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Trnl Intron ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
African Species ◽  
Rdna Its

The biogeography and phylogenetic relationships of Southern Hemisphere Cardamine L. species were analysed using nuclear rDNA ITS and cpDNA (trnL intron, trnL-F spacer) sequences. The analyses indicate that the montane species from Australia and New Zealand (C. corymbosa Hook.f., C. lilacina Hook. and C. debilis Banks ex DC.) are closely related to the South American C. glacialis (Forster) DC. Low sequence divergence between C. glacialis and the Australian and New Zealand species suggests relatively recent (less than 500 000 years ago) long-distance dispersal from South America to Australasia, or vice versa. The relationship of the New Guinean species, C. keysseri O.E.Schulz and C. africana L., to the Australian species remained unresolved. Accessions of the high-mountain, pan-continental species C. africana from Africa, South America and New Guinea differed widely in their positions on both the ITS tree and the cpDNA tree, suggesting a polyphyletic origin. The East African high-mountain species C. obliqua Hochst. grouped with European species on the cpDNA tree. The African species, C. trichocarpa Hochst., formed a sister group to all the other Cardamine species analysed.

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