Responses to neighbours and non-neighbours in the buff-banded rail (Gallirallus philippensis): no dear-enemy relationships

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelly Lachish ◽  
Anne W. Goldizen
Keyword(s):  
Advertisement Calls ◽  
Dear Enemy ◽  
Territory Defence ◽  
Dear Enemy Phenomenon ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
High Level ◽  
Insular Population

Territorial individuals often respond less aggressively to intrusions by their neighbours than to intrusions by unfamiliar individuals. This commonly observed strategy, the dear-enemy phenomenon, is thought to minimise the costs associated with territory defence. This study determined whether an insular population of territory-holding buff-banded rails (Gallirallus philippensis) exhibits dear-enemy relationships and whether males and females differ in their responses to neighbours and non-neighbours. Playback techniques were used to examine and compare the vocalisations and movements of focal individuals in response to the territorial advertisement calls of their neighbours and of unfamiliar individuals (non-neighbours). Results showed that focal birds did not respond differently to the calls of neighbours and non-neighbours; thus, no evidence for the dear-enemy phenomenon was found in this species. We suggest that this result is due to the significant threats posed by neighbours to territory owners in this territorial system, in addition to a high level of territorial instability in the population. Males and females were shown to differ qualitatively in their general territorial response to intruders but not in their relative responses to neighbours and non-neighbours, suggesting that the relative threats posed by neighbours and non-neighbours do not differ between the sexes.

Investigating the ‘dear enemy’ phenomenon in the territory defence of the fiddler crab, Uca mjoebergi

2010 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isobel Booksmythe ◽  
Michael D. Jennions ◽  
Patricia R.Y. Backwell
Keyword(s):  
Fiddler Crab ◽  
Dear Enemy ◽  
Territory Defence ◽  
Dear Enemy Phenomenon

Observation on the breeding biology of Polypedates teraiensis (Dubois, 1987) (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Jacinta Lalchhanhimi ◽  
Lalremsanga H.T.
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Breeding Biology ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Morphometric Measurements ◽  
Advertisement Calls ◽  
Males And Females

The breeding biology of tree frog, Polypedates teraiensis was studied during the breeding season at Mizoram University Campus. It was found that sound production by male during the breeding season was primarily a reproductive function and advertisement calls attract females to the breeding areas and announce other males that a given territory is occupied. The aim of this study was to provide the detailed information on the breeding behaviour and the advertisement calls of Polypedates teraiensis. The morphometric measurements of the amplecting pairs (males and females) for sexual dimorphism along with clutch sizes were also studied.

scholarly journals The Level of Psychological Security among Sample of Nizwa University students in the Sultanate of Oman: مستوى الأمن النفسي لدى عينة من طلبة جامعة نزوى في سلطنة عمان

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (30) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Nasser Said Al-Sawafi
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Sultanate Of Oman ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
High Level ◽  
The University

    This study aimed to find out the level of Psychological Security of Nizwa University students and to find out the differences in level of Psychological Security according to gender (males/ females), the sample included (238) males and females. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive approach was used. The researcher used the Maslow scale for the sense of Psychological Security and interpolation by Dawani and Dirani (1983) in the Abdullah’s study (1996) after verifying its validity and stability. The study sample (238) students from Nizwa University in the Sultanate of Oman were randomly chosen. The findings of the study could be summarized as the following: there is a high level of Psychological Security with Nizwa University students according to the comprehensive Psychological Security scale with a median (2.24) feeling with Psychological Security compares to threat with average (2.29) and feeling love to hatred with average (2.25) feeling with loyalty to loneliness with average (2.19), there is a significant difference at the level of α=0.05 between males and females in favour of the males. In light of the results, a number of recommendations and proposals were submitted to enhance the level of psychological security among students of the University of Nizwa, and the general Omani and Arab universities.    

Aggression towards unfamiliar intruders by male lizards Eurolophosaurus nanuzae depends on contestant’s body traits: a test of the dear enemy effect

Behaviour ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 154 (6) ◽  
pp. 693-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo C. Quintana ◽  
Conrado A.B. Galdino
Keyword(s):  
Saving Energy ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Dear Enemy ◽  
Holding Power ◽  
Resource Holding Power ◽  
Dear Enemy Phenomenon ◽  
Dear Enemy Effect ◽  
Tail Condition

A reduction of territory owners’ aggression towards their neighbours in relation to the intrusion of strangers characterises the dear enemy phenomenon. Supposedly, the disparity in aggression levels of territory owners is due to a higher threat imposed by strangers compared to the threat imposed by neighbours. To evaluate the occurrence of the phenomenon in males of the small-sized lizard Eurolophosaurus nanuzae we performed a field manipulative study. We considered three models to run intrusions in males’ territories: neighbour, tailed stranger (unfamiliar) and tailless stranger intruders. Our results lend support to the presence of dear enemy for this species as residents acted more aggressively towards strangers than to neighbours. In addition, the information we provide supports the relative threat hypothesis as territory owners were more aggressive towards tailed stranger intruders than to tailless stranger intruders. In this sense, tail condition can represent a trait that signals the ‘resource holding power’ (RHP) of a lizard. Therefore, we show that beyond neighbourhood recognition, residents are able to evaluate the potential threat of stranger intruders in general, thereby extending the evolutionary gains of the dear enemy by saving energy even in the context they are expected to acts with higher costs.

Absence of kin discrimination in the hatchlings of a lizard, Calotes versicolor (Agamidae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-58
Author(s):  
Veena H.F. Ammanna ◽  
Srinivas K. Saidapur ◽  
Bhagyashri A. Shanbhag
Keyword(s):  
Kin Discrimination ◽  
Visual Displays ◽  
Dear Enemy ◽  
Discrimination Ability ◽  
Dear Enemy Phenomenon ◽  
Calotes Versicolor

Laboratory born Calotes versicolor hatchlings were reared for 15 days in pure or mixed sibships or singly in isolation and then tested for their kin discrimination ability. As C. versicolor orients itself visually, visual displays like push-ups, gular extensions, and distance between the test individuals were used as indicators of arousal/aggression towards the opponents (familiar vs. familiar/unfamiliar sib or non-sib). The hatchlings exhibited aggressiveness towards unfamiliar sibs as well as non-sibs in the form of push-ups and gular extensions; they also remained at a longer distance from each other. In contrast, they did not exhibit such behaviors against familiar individuals regardless of their relatedness, and stayed closer to each other. In tests involving once familiar individuals, sib, or non-sib reared together for 15 d from hatching and then separated for 7 or 30 d, the lizards showed aggressiveness towards each other following 30 d separation. A greater number of push-ups and gular extensions were exhibited by the test individuals after 30 d separation compared to those separated for 7 d. Thus, in this non-social lizard, there is no kin discrimination. An early dispersal of hatchlings in this species may have led to a loss of kin discrimination. However, familiar individuals are recognized as long as they continue to remain familiar thereby suggesting a ‘dear enemy phenomenon’.

“My Wife is Married and So is My Girlfriend”: Adaptations to the Threat of AIDS in an Arrestee Population

1995 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott H. Decker ◽  
Richard Rosenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Safe Sex ◽  
Sexual Relationships ◽  
Behavioral Adaptations ◽  
Modal Response ◽  
Sex Behaviors ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Of Risk ◽  
Sex Practices

A study of behavioral adaptations by a sample of arrestees to the safe-sex campaign documents a high level of risk for HIV, even among those who practice safe sex. Subjects described their preferred safe-sex practices in confidential interviews. The modal response for both males and females was “none.” Large proportions of the sample reported adaptations of questionable effectiveness. Those reporting the officially prescribed safe-sex behaviors often practice a permissive form of safe sex. The results underscore the need for AIDS counseling for arrestees who believe that strict safe-sex practices place intolerable restraints on forming and sustaining sexual relationships.

Do marmots display a ‘dear enemy phenomenon’ in response to anal gland secretions?

2012 ◽  
Vol 289 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Cross ◽  
D. T. Blumstein ◽  
F. Rosell
Keyword(s):  
Anal Gland ◽  
Dear Enemy ◽  
Dear Enemy Phenomenon

scholarly journals A test of the dear enemy phenomenon in the Eurasian beaver

2002 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1073-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Rosell ◽  
Tore Bjørkøyli
Keyword(s):  
Dear Enemy ◽  
Eurasian Beaver ◽  
Dear Enemy Phenomenon

Kleptoparasitism in the endemic gecko Phelsuma inexpectata: pollen theft from foraging honeybees on Réunion

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Clémencet ◽  
Cyril Aubert ◽  
Doriane Blottière ◽  
Mickaël Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Reliable Information ◽  
Vertebrate Species ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Pollen Theft ◽  
High Level

Abstract:Interspecific kleptoparasitism (the stealing of already-procured items from other species) has received little attention in tropical reptiles. We report here the second case of kleptoparasitism in tropical lizards, and the first known case of pollen theft by a vertebrate species. Phelsuma inexpectata, a gekkonid lizard endemic to Réunion, was observed robbing pollen pellets from honeybees (Apis mellifera) foraging on Latania lontaroides flowers. Video-records were used to obtain reliable information on gecko-honeybee interactions occurring on L. lontaroides inflorescences. During the 19 observation periods (total duration 140 min) a total of 78 attempts were recorded, at least 40% were successful. Both males and females displayed kleptoparasitic behaviour. A high level of gecko kleptoparasitism occurred, with an average one-robbery attempt every 2 min. Behaviour of both the kleptoparasitic P. inexpectata and its host A. mellifera are described.

scholarly journals LMT USV Toolbox, a Novel Methodological Approach to Place Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Their Behavioral Contexts—A Study in Female and Male C57BL/6J Mice and in Shank3 Mutant Females

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrice de Chaumont ◽  
Nathalie Lemière ◽  
Sabrina Coqueran ◽  
Thomas Bourgeron ◽  
Elodie Ey
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Ultrasonic Vocalizations ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Phenotypic Marker ◽  
Require Time ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
High Level

Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) are used as a phenotypic marker in mouse models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Nevertheless, current methodologies still require time-consuming manual input or sound recordings clean of any background noise. We developed a method to overcome these two restraints to boost knowledge on mouse USVs. The methods are freely available and the USV analysis runs online at https://usv.pasteur.cloud. As little is currently known about usage and structure of ultrasonic vocalizations during social interactions over the long-term and in unconstrained context, we investigated mouse spontaneous communication by coupling the analysis of USVs with automatic labeling of behaviors. We continuously recorded during 3 days undisturbed interactions of same-sex pairs of C57BL/6J sexually naive males and females at 5 weeks and 3 and 7 months of age. In same-sex interactions, we observed robust differences between males and females in the amount of USVs produced, in the acoustic structure and in the contexts of emission. The context-specific acoustic variations emerged with increasing age. The emission of USVs also reflected a high level of excitement during social interactions. We finally highlighted the importance of studying long-term spontaneous communication by investigating female mice lacking Shank3, a synaptic protein associated with autism. While the previous short-time constrained investigations could not detect USV emission abnormalities, our analysis revealed robust differences in the usage and structure of the USVs emitted by mutant mice compared to wild-type female pairs.

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