Observation on the breeding biology of Polypedates teraiensis (Dubois, 1987) (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Jacinta Lalchhanhimi ◽  
Lalremsanga H.T.
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Breeding Biology ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Morphometric Measurements ◽  
Advertisement Calls ◽  
Males And Females

The breeding biology of tree frog, Polypedates teraiensis was studied during the breeding season at Mizoram University Campus. It was found that sound production by male during the breeding season was primarily a reproductive function and advertisement calls attract females to the breeding areas and announce other males that a given territory is occupied. The aim of this study was to provide the detailed information on the breeding behaviour and the advertisement calls of Polypedates teraiensis. The morphometric measurements of the amplecting pairs (males and females) for sexual dimorphism along with clutch sizes were also studied.

scholarly journals Morphometric measurements of the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis)(L., 1758) in Lithuania

Biologija ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Lukošiūtė ◽  
Monika Brimaitė ◽  
Alma Pikūnienė ◽  
Ramūnas Krugelis ◽  
Algimantas Paulauskas
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Shell Height ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Ecological Network ◽  
Morphometric Measurements ◽  
Emys Orbicularis ◽  
Life Project ◽  
Pond Turtle ◽  
Males And Females

In Lithuania, the number of European pond turtles Emys orbicularis decreased between 1975 and 2010, but increased significantly between 2010 and 2014, when the LIFE project was implemented. During this project, an ecological network was created, habitats were restored in protected areas, and European pond turtle nesting areas were protected from predators. Very few morphometric measurements of European pond turtles are carried out in Lithuania. The purpose of this study was to perform morphometric measurements, assess migration, spread, and morphometric size variation. Morphometric measurements of juvenile European pond turtles showed that the morphometric indicators depended on the place of habitation: males from Juodabalė Zoological Reserve (Meteliai Regional Park) are smaller than females. Also, female turtles from Meteliai Regional Park are larger than both males and females from Kučiuliškė Herpetological Reserve. When comparing the morphometric indicators of males and females at ten months of age, sexual dimorphism is already observed: the shell height, the width of the head, carapace, and plastron of a females are already bigger than those of males.

Season and testosterone affect contractile properties of fast calling muscles in the gray tree frog Hyla chrysoscelis

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (6) ◽  
pp. R1513-R1520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahasweta Girgenrath ◽  
Richard L. Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Contractile Properties ◽  
Trunk Muscles ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
Hyla Chrysoscelis ◽  
Nonbreeding Season ◽  
Secondary Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Gray Tree Frog

In anurans, circulating levels of androgens influence certain secondary sexual characteristics that are expressed only during the breeding season. We studied the contractile properties of external oblique muscles (used to power sound production) in a species of North American gray tree frog, Hyla chrysoscelis, during the breeding season and also in testosterone-treated captive males and females after the breeding season. Compared with the muscles of breeding-season males, the trunk muscles of postbreeding-season males have 50% less mass, 60% longer twitches, and 40% slower shortening velocities. Testosterone levels similar to those found in breeding-season male hylid frogs restore the contractile speed and mass of male trunk muscles and also convert the small slow trunk muscles of females into larger fast-contracting muscles. We conclude that androgens likely play a key role in altering the contractile properties of these muscles in males during the annual cycle, allowing them to operate in the breeding season at the frequencies required to produce the characteristic rapidly pulsed calls of this species. Females as well as nonbreeding-season males do not produce advertising calls, and therefore the slower muscles found in these animals may allow more economic operation of these muscles. The effects of testosterone on female trunk muscles indicate the potential of this hormone in contributing to the sexual dimorphism in size and contractile properties of these muscles, but this dimorphism is likely due to the interaction of more than one hormone.

Sexual Dimorphism among the Kathmandu University Students Assessed by Anthropometric Studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (05) ◽  
pp. 20469-20472
Author(s):  
Shakya R ◽  
Bhattacharya SC ◽  
Shrestha R
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
University Students ◽  
Plastic Surgery ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Clinically Normal ◽  
Crime Detection ◽  
Males And Females

Objectives: To observe the sexual dimorphism among the young adult age group ranging from 18-21 years, of Kathmandu University students by measuring craniofacial circumference and canthal distances. Rationale of the study: These data could be useful for establishing the craniofacial standards and adds an implementation on plastic surgery, crime detection as well as in the industrial field. Method: 300 clinically normal students of Kathmandu University aged between 18-21 years were examined for the study. Fronto-occipital circumference, outer and inner canthal distances were measured. All the parameters were compared between males and females. Result: The cranial circumference as well as the inner and outer canthal distance in males was found to be significantly higher as compared to the females. Conclusion: The results concluded that sexual dimorphism remarkably exists in young adults of Kathmandu University students.

scholarly journals Sexual dimorphism in the long-term stability (10 years) of skeletal Class III treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Tejedor ◽  
Conchita Martín ◽  
José Antonio Alarcón ◽  
María Dolores Oteo-Calatayud ◽  
Juan Carlos Palma-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Class Iii Malocclusion ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Term Stability ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Fixed Appliances ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Class Iii Treatment

Abstract Background Class III malocclusion is associated with high sexual dimorphism, especially in individuals older than 13 years of age, with significant differences in growth between males and females during the pubertal and postpubertal stages, and in adulthood. The aim of this research was to examine differences between males and females in long-term stability (10 years) of treatment for skeletal Class III malocclusion. Methods Thirty patients (15 males and 15 females) with skeletal Class III malocclusion, who had been treated with rapid maxillary expansion (RME) combined with face mask protraction followed by fixed appliances, were selected sequentially. Thirty patients (15 males and 15 females) with skeletal Class I and mesofacial patterns treated only with fixed appliances for dental problems served as the control group. Differences between groups and sexes were evaluated using lateral cephalograms taken at the start of treatment (T0), immediately after the end of treatment (T1), and after 10 years (T2). The long-term treatment success rate was calculated. Results Ten years after Class III treatment, overjet and overbite relapse occurred similarly in females (− 0.68 ± 0.7 mm; − 0.38 ± 0.75 mm, respectively) and males (− 1.09 ± 1.47 mm; − 0.64 ± 0.9 mm, respectively); the ANB angle and Wits appraisal became significantly more negative in males (− 1.37 ± 1.06°; − 2.7 ± 2.53 mm) than in females (− 0.18 ± 1.26°; − 0.46 ± 1.94 mm). The success rate was 73.3% in males and 80% in females. Conclusions Significant differences in the long-term stability of Class III treatment outcomes have been found between males and females, with a larger skeletal Class III relapse and lower long-term success rates in males.

Low reproductive success of the endangered Iberá Seedeater in its only known breeding site, the Iberá Wetlands, Argentina

The Condor ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Browne ◽  
Sheela P Turbek ◽  
Constanza Pasian ◽  
Adrián S Di Giacomo
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Nest Survival ◽  
Breeding Site ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
Nest Site Selection ◽  
Breeding Biology ◽  
Cumulative Probability ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Northeastern Argentina

Abstract Subtropical grasslands are highly susceptible to habitat conversion and number among South America’s most threatened ecosystems. The grasslands of northeastern Argentina have been identified as a priority conservation area for threatened capuchino seedeaters because they constitute the main breeding area of these migratory birds. The Iberá Seedeater (Sporophila iberaensis) is a newly described species in the Iberá Wetlands in Argentina whose biology is still poorly understood. The endangered species inhabits grasslands but has only been reported to breed in the Iberá Wetlands ecoregion of northeastern Argentina. To explore the species’ association with grassland vegetation, we studied the breeding biology (clutch size, hatching success, and fledgling production) of the Iberá Seedeater and the main parameters that influence nest survival and nest-site selection. We conducted nest searches and banded adults and nestlings in Iberá National Park during the breeding seasons of 2016–2018. The breeding season of the Iberá Seedeater was highly synchronous and the cumulative probability of nest survival was 0.16. The daily nest survival rate decreased as the breeding season advanced, survival was lower for nests supported by Rhynchospora corymbosa than Paspalum durifolium, the two main nest substrates, and the main causes of nest failure were nest predation and strong winds. Additionally, the population exhibited male-biased site fidelity and a low female return rate. In contrast to other capuchinos, whose breeding biology is associated with upland grasslands, the Iberá Seedeater nested exclusively in flooded lowland grasslands on marsh plants. Thus, effective lowland grassland management is key to maintain the vegetation structure required for reproduction in the Iberá Seedeater.

scholarly journals Barn Owl (Tyto alba) breeding biology in relation to breeding season climate

2013 ◽  
Vol 155 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Chausson ◽  
Isabelle Henry ◽  
Bettina Almasi ◽  
Alexandre Roulin
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Barn Owl ◽  
Breeding Biology ◽  
Tyto Alba

scholarly journals Safe sex: male–female coalitions and pre-copulatory mate-guarding in a fiddler crab

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard N. C. Milner ◽  
Michael D. Jennions ◽  
Patricia R. Y. Backwell
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Observational Data ◽  
Fiddler Crab ◽  
Lower Boundary ◽  
Mate Guarding ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Boundary Maintenance ◽  
Uca Annulipes ◽  
Males And Females

In fiddler crabs both males and females defend territories that are essential for survival. Given pronounced sexual dimorphism in weaponry, how do weaponless females defend their territory from well-armed males? Using observational data and two simple experiments, we test whether male Uca annulipes protect their female neighbours from conspecific intruders. We show that males defend their female neighbours against male but not female intruders. We also show that females sometimes mate with their immediate neighbours. Male defence of female neighbours appears to represent both pre-copulatory mate-guarding and a territorial coalition. Males who ensure that their neighbour remains female could benefit through increased opportunity for future reproductive success and lower boundary maintenance costs.

Sex differences in white adipose tissue expansion: emerging molecular mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 135 (24) ◽  
pp. 2691-2708
Author(s):  
Simon T. Bond ◽  
Anna C. Calkin ◽  
Brian G. Drew
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Gene Networks ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Tissue Expansion ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Genomic Association ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract The escalating prevalence of individuals becoming overweight and obese is a rapidly rising global health problem, placing an enormous burden on health and economic systems worldwide. Whilst obesity has well described lifestyle drivers, there is also a significant and poorly understood component that is regulated by genetics. Furthermore, there is clear evidence for sexual dimorphism in obesity, where overall risk, degree, subtype and potential complications arising from obesity all differ between males and females. The molecular mechanisms that dictate these sex differences remain mostly uncharacterised. Many studies have demonstrated that this dimorphism is unable to be solely explained by changes in hormones and their nuclear receptors alone, and instead manifests from coordinated and highly regulated gene networks, both during development and throughout life. As we acquire more knowledge in this area from approaches such as large-scale genomic association studies, the more we appreciate the true complexity and heterogeneity of obesity. Nevertheless, over the past two decades, researchers have made enormous progress in this field, and some consistent and robust mechanisms continue to be established. In this review, we will discuss some of the proposed mechanisms underlying sexual dimorphism in obesity, and discuss some of the key regulators that influence this phenomenon.

scholarly journals Morphometric characters and their relationship in estuarine catfish

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Begum ◽  
Abdullah Al-Mamun ◽  
ML Islam ◽  
MJ Alam
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Standard Length ◽  
Head Length ◽  
Pectoral Fin ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Length Standard ◽  
Eye Diameter ◽  
Males And Females

The morphometric observations were made on total length, standard length, pre-caudal length, head length, eye diameter and depth of body at pectoral fin base of estuarine catfish M. gulio. Males and females showed homogeneity in characters. A linear relationship was found between total length and morphometric characters. Regression of length and weight did not deviate significantly from cube law indicating isometric growth. The fish exhibited sexual dimorphism. Keywords: Morphometric characters; Estuarine catfish; Mystus gulio DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v6i2.4833 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 6(2): 349-353, 2008

Nutritional programming and the reproductive function of the offspring

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Chavatte-Palmer ◽  
C. Dupont ◽  
N. Debus ◽  
S. Camous
Keyword(s):  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Primordial Follicles ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Males And Females

There is ample evidence on the importance of maternal nutrition during pregnancy on fetal and offspring development. In ruminant females, the pool of oocytes is complete and definitive before birth, based on the resting reserve of primordial follicles established during fetal life, which represent the lifespan supply for the female’s fertilisable oocytes, whereas in males, although the production of spermatozoa is a continuous process throughout post-pubertal life. Sertoli cells, which play a central role in the development of a functional testis, proliferate during pre- and post-natal life, coordinating testicular development. Both male and female fertility may, therefore, be affected by the maternal environment, but studies on the effects of developmental nutritional conditions on reproductive function and fertility, both in males and females, are relatively scarce. In humans, intrauterine growth retardation has been associated with abnormal ovarian development, characterised by a decreased volume of primordial follicles in the ovarian cortical tissue in girls, and a higher incidence of cryptorchidism in boys, with subsequent low sperm counts in adulthood. Age at puberty and gonadotropin and inhibin B plasma concentrations are also affected. Animal studies suggest both in males and females that maternal undernutrition during pregnancy may affect pituitary response to GnRH and gonadal development and function, depending on the timing and magnitude of the undernutrition. Excess nutrition, which is often associated with intrauterine growth retardation in domestic species, induces effects on the onset of puberty and both testicular and ovarian function, maybe through the observed reduction in fetal growth. This review addresses the influence of maternal nutrition on offspring reproductive function using examples in humans and animals, with particular focus on ruminants.

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