scholarly journals Theories of ethnicity and the dynamics of ethnic change in multiethnic societies

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (30) ◽  
pp. 9176-9181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Blanton
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Costly Signaling ◽  
Signaling System ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Collective Management ◽  
Effective Form ◽  
Management Of Resources ◽  
Specialist Trading ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Multiethnic Societies

I modify Fredrik Barth’s approach, which sees ethnic group building as a signaling system, to place it within a framework that draws from collective action and costly signaling theories. From these perspectives, ethnic signaling, although representing a costly penalty to group members, is one effective form of communication that facilitates collective management of resources. I then identify three contexts in which the benefits of ethnic group building are likely to outweigh its signaling costs: in politically chaotic refuge and periphery zones; in the context of long-distance specialist trading groups; and within the territorial scope of failed states. I point to selected data from the Mughal and Aztec polities to illustrate how a combination of effective public goods management, in highly collective states, and the growth of highly integrated commercial economies will render ethnic group building superfluous.

The Selfish Hero: A Study of the Individual Benefits of Self-Sacrificial Prosocial Behavior

2012 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis T. McAndrew ◽  
Carin Perilloux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Group Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision ◽  
Reciprocal Altruism ◽  
Costly Signaling ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Individual

Twenty-four same-sex, three-person groups (a confederate plus two naive participants) completed a “group decision-making study” in which the success of the group depended upon the willingness of one of its members (the confederate) to endure pain and inconvenience. The ordeal that the altruistic confederate endured was judged to be more difficult and costly than the experience of other group members, and the altruists were ultimately awarded more money and accorded higher status. In a second study, 334 undergraduates read a description of the procedures used in Study 1 and made judgments and monetary allocations to the hypothetical people described in the scenario. The concordance of the data in the two studies support a costly signaling, rather than a reciprocal altruism explanation for such “heroic” behavior.

Gender and Racial Issues for New Counseling Psychologists in Academia

1992 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadya A. Fouad ◽  
Robert T. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Counseling Psychology ◽  
New Professionals ◽  
New Faculty ◽  
Racial Issues ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Counseling Psychologists

Counseling psychology has begun to focus on the concerns of new professionals, but it has not addressed the concerns of women or visible racial/ethnic group members (i.e., Black, Hispanic, Native American, or Asian American) as new counseling psychologists in academia. This article addresses their unique concerns and makes recommendations for new faculty members as well as for the departments that hire them. The article focuses on issues (a) for new professors in counseling psychology, (b) shared by women and visible racial/ethnic group members, and (c) experienced differently by women and visible racial/ethnic group members.

scholarly journals An Experimental Study of the Lingual Consciousness of Ukrainians and Russians (Dynamic Aspect)

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-110
Author(s):  
Діана Терехова
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Scientific Investigations ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Russian Dictionary

The study of the lingual consciousness of various ethnic group representatives does not lose its topicality in psycholinguistic investigation for decades. During the period of the formation and development of psycholinguistics, scholars have gained considerable experience in holding associative experiments, the results of which are reflected in associative dictionaries and individual scientific investigations. This material is valuable in several aspects of the investigation in particular as an object of the study of the lingual consciousness of the certain language speakers for  the duration of the experiment; in the comparable aspect for the identification of common and distinguishing features in the lingual consciousness of the representatives of different ethnic groups as well as to find out the changes in the lingual consciousness of a certain ethnic group members according to the experimental data received at a certain time interval etc. The article focuses on revealing the dynamics in the lingual consciousness of the representatives of the two East Slavic peoples. The experimental data were drawn both from lexicographic psycholinguistic works and from author’s experimental studies held in 2000 and 2012 representing the changes in the corresponding fragments of the world image in Ukrainians and Russians. References Жайворонок В. В. Знаки української етнокультури: Словник-довідник / В. В. Жайворонок. К.: Довіра, 2006. Марковина И. Ю., Данилова Е. В. Специфика языкового сознания русских и американцев: опыт построения «ассоциативного гештальта» текстов оригинала и перевода // Языковое сознание и образ мира / Отв. ред. Н. В. Уфим­цева. М.: Институт языкознания РАН, 2000. С. 116-132. Степанов Ю. С. Константы: Словарь русской культуры: Изд. 2-е, испр. и доп. М.: Академический Проект, 2001. References (translated and transliterated) Zhaivoronok, V. V. (2006) Znaky Ukrayinckoyi Etnokultury: Slovnyk-Dovidnyk [Signs of the Ukrainian Ethnoculture: Dictionary-Reference Book]. Kyiv: Dovira. Markovina, I. U., Danilova, E. V. (2000) Spetsifika jazykovogo soznaniya russkih i amerikantsev: opit postrojenija “assotsiativnogo geshtalta” tekstov originala i perevoda [The peculiarity of the lingual consciousness of Russians and Americans: the experience of constructing an “associative gestalt” of the original and translation texts]. In: Yazykovoye Soznaniye i Obraz Mira, (pp. 116-132) .N. Ufimtseva, Ed. Moscow: Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Stepanov, Yu. S. (2001). Konstanty: Slovar Russkoy Kultury: 2nd edition [Constants: Dictionary of the Russian Culture]. Moscow: Akademicheskiy Proekt. Джерела Бутенко Н. П. Словник асоціативних норм української мови. Львів: Вища школа, 1979. Ожегов С., Шведова Н. Толковый словарь русского языка. Режим доступа: https://classes.ru/all-russian/russian-dictionary-Ozhegov-term-10012.htm САС – Славянский ассоциативный словарь: русский, белорусский, болгарский, ук­ра­инский / Н. В. Уфимцева, Г. А. Черкасова, Ю. Н. Караулов, Е.Ф. Тарасов. М., 2004. САНРЯ – Словарь ассоциативных норм русского языка / Под ред. А. А. Леонтьева. М.: Изд-во Моск. ун-та, 1977. Словник української мови: Академічний тлумачний словник (1970-1980). Т. 3. С. 557. Sources Butenko, N. P. (1979). Slovnyk Asotsiatyvnykh Norm Ukrayinckoyi Movy [Dictionary of the Associative Norms of the Ukrainian language]. Lviv: Vyshcha Shkola. Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language. (1970-1980). Vol. 3, P. 557. Ozhegov, S., Shvedova, N. The Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. Retrieved from: https://classes.ru/all-russian/russian-dictionary-Ozhegov-term-10012.htm Slavyanskiy Assotsiativnyi Slovar: Russkiy, Belorusskiy, Bolgarskiy, Ukrainskiy (2004) [Slavic Associative Dictionary: Russian, Belorusian, Bulgarian, Ukrainian]. N. Ufimtseva, G. Cher­kasova, Yu. Karaulov, Ye. Tarasov, (Eds). Moscow. Slovar Assocziativnyh Norm Russkogo Yazyka (1977). [Dictionary of Associative Norms of the Russian Language]. A. A. Leontyev, Ed. Moscow: Moscow University.

scholarly journals Sex and Marriage With Members of Other Ethnic Groups

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham P. Buunk ◽  
Pieternel Dijkstra
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Sexual Relationship ◽  
Sexual Relationships ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Marital Partner ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Moroccan Women

Given the importance of interethnic intimate relationships for the integration of minority groups, the present study examined attitudes toward marriages and sexual relationships with in-group and out-group members among young second-generation immigrants in the Netherlands compared with the Dutch. A sample of 95 ethnically Dutch, 68 Moroccan, and 68 Turkish individuals aged between 15 and 25, living in the Netherlands filled out an online questionnaire. Overall, individuals showed a preference for a marital partner from the same ethnic group as themselves, but a less pronounced preference for a sexual partner from their own ethnic group. Turkish and Moroccan, but not Dutch, men would rather engage in a sexual relationship than in a marriage with a Dutch woman, and rather in a marriage than in a sexual relationship with a woman from their own ethnic group. In contrast, women, especially Moroccan women would rather engage in a marriage than in a sexual relationship, preferably with someone of their own ethnic group. Finally, the more religious they were, the more Turkish and Moroccan women preferred a marital partner from their own ethnic group. Findings are discussed in the light of the integration of different ethnic groups in society.

Ethnographic and Modeled Costs of Long-Distance, Big-Game Hunting

2010 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deanna N. Grimstead
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Ecology ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Costly Signaling ◽  
Round Trip ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Travel Costs ◽  
Game Hunting ◽  
Big Game Hunting ◽  
Prey Items ◽  
Game Animals

Evolutionary ecology provides a rich pool of models from which archaeologists derive expectations about prehistoric human behavior. Signaling Theory (ST) has been applied successfully in ethnographic and certain archaeological contexts. Other applications have fallen prey to post-hoc explanation of aberrant archaeological patterns. This paper evaluates the claim that big-game hunting was a costly foraging behavior when traveling great distances, and therefore was undertaken as a form of costly signaling. The central place foraging model is used in conjunction with caloric expenditure formulae, derived from human energetics and locomotion research, to evaluate the cost of travel and transport versus the returns for large and small prey items. It is shown that big game continues to yield significant energetic returns even in situations where travel costs are comparatively high (i.e., 100-200 km round-trip). Small game hunting becomes energetically costly when a forager makes a procurement round-trip of more than ca.10 km. Large game animals are the highest return prey items even when procurement distances are comparatively great because humans are physiologically well-adapted for carrying objects over long distances. While the capture of big game animals may have bestowed prestige upon prehistoric hunters or served as some other signal of individual quality, these prey animals were not overly costly in terms of energetic efficiency—even under increased travel costs. These results emphasize the difficulty of separating social prestige from optimal foraging as the basis for big-game hunting in archaeological contexts.

scholarly journals Boundaries of American Identity: Relations between Ethnic Group Prototypicality and Policy Attitudes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Que-Lam Huynh ◽  
Thierry Devos
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
American Identity ◽  
Instrumental Function ◽  
European Americans ◽  
Majority Group ◽  
Policy Attitudes ◽  
Group Members

We sought to document that the extent to which different ethnic groups are perceived as embodying the American identity is more strongly linked to anti-minority policy attitudes and acculturation ideologies among majority group members (European Americans) than among minority group members (Asian Americans or Latino/as). Participants rated 13 attributes of the American identity as they pertain to different ethnic groups, and reported their endorsement of policy attitudes and acculturation ideologies. We found a relative consensus across ethnic groups regarding defining components of the American identity. However, European Americans were perceived as more prototypical of this American identity than ethnic minorities, especially by European American raters. Moreover, for European Americans but not for ethnic minorities, relative ingroup prototypicality was related to anti-minority policy attitudes and acculturation ideologies. These findings suggest that for European Americans, perceptions of ethnic group prototypicality fulfill an instrumental function linked to preserving their group interests and limiting the rights afforded to ethnic minorities.

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