scholarly journals Geography and major host evolutionary transitions shape the resource use of plant parasites

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (35) ◽  
pp. 9840-9845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquín Calatayud ◽  
José Luis Hórreo ◽  
Jaime Madrigal-González ◽  
Alain Migeon ◽  
Miguel Á. Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Use ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Host Use ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Parasite Communities ◽  
Plant Parasites ◽  
Theory Of Island Biogeography ◽  
Globally Distributed

The evolution of resource use in herbivores has been conceptualized as an analog of the theory of island biogeography, assuming that plant species are islands separated by phylogenetic distances. Despite its usefulness, this analogy has paradoxically led to neglecting real biogeographical processes in the study of macroevolutionary patterns of herbivore–plant interactions. Here we show that host use is mostly determined by the geographical cooccurrence of hosts and parasites in spider mites (Tetranychidae), a globally distributed group of plant parasites. Strikingly, geography accounts for most of the phylogenetic signal in host use by these parasites. Beyond geography, only evolutionary transitions among major plant lineages (i.e., gymnosperms, commelinids, and eudicots) shape resource use patterns in these herbivores. Still, even these barriers have been repeatedly overcome in evolutionary time, resulting in phylogenetically diverse parasite communities feeding on similar hosts. Therefore, our results imply that patterns of apparent evolutionary conservatism may largely be a byproduct of the geographic cooccurrence of hosts and parasites.

scholarly journals From hunters to nature observers: a record of 53 years of diver attitudes towards sharks and rays and marine protected areas

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Whatmough ◽  
Ingrid Van Putten ◽  
Andrew Chin
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Attitudinal Change ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Economic Information ◽  
Perceptions And Attitudes ◽  
Conservation Awareness

Human values, perceptions, attitudes and interactions with the natural environment have been found to change over time, with social and economic information used to inform management decisions and actions. Content analysis is applied here to a 53-year long collection of the popular dive magazine, SportDiving, to identify recreational divers’ experiences with regard to sharks and rays, the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and marine protected areas (MPAs). This analysis suggests there has been a diversification of diver activities with the emergence of passive-observational activities such as SCUBA diving. Attitudes towards sharks and rays have changed significantly, with recreational divers changing from a group that could be described as adventure-seeking hunters to a group that can be described as nature-appreciating observers, suggesting an increase in conservation awareness. The GBR continues to be a highly regarded dive destination, with divers perceiving positive effects of protection within MPAs. However, declines in the abundance of large fish and sharks and rays were occasionally reported throughout the 53 year period. Collectively, these types of data can show changes in resource-use patterns, perceptions and attitudes and provide information that supplements scientific monitoring data. These data may be valuable where scientific data is scarce, historical records difficult to obtain, and where attitudinal change can significantly affect future resource use.

scholarly journals Modeling Community-Scale Natural Resource Use in a Transboundary Southern African Landscape: Integrating Remote Sensing and Participatory Mapping

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 631
Author(s):  
Kyle D. Woodward ◽  
Narcisa G. Pricope ◽  
Forrest R. Stevens ◽  
Andrea E. Gaughan ◽  
Nicholas E. Kolarik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Systems Science ◽  
Participatory Mapping ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Human Habitation

Remote sensing analyses focused on non-timber forest product (NTFP) collection and grazing are current research priorities of land systems science. However, mapping these particular land use patterns in rural heterogeneous landscapes is challenging because their potential signatures on the landscape cannot be positively identified without fine-scale land use data for validation. Using field-mapped resource areas and household survey data from participatory mapping research, we combined various Landsat-derived indices with ancillary data associated with human habitation to model the intensity of grazing and NTFP collection activities at 100-m spatial resolution. The study area is situated centrally within a transboundary southern African landscape that encompasses community-based organization (CBO) areas across three countries. We conducted four iterations of pixel-based random forest models, modifying the variable set to determine which of the covariates are most informative, using the best fit predictions to summarize and compare resource use intensity by resource type and across communities. Pixels within georeferenced, field-mapped resource areas were used as training data. All models had overall accuracies above 60% but those using proxies for human habitation were more robust, with overall accuracies above 90%. The contribution of Landsat data as utilized in our modeling framework was negligible, and further research must be conducted to extract greater value from Landsat or other optical remote sensing platforms to map these land use patterns at moderate resolution. We conclude that similar population proxy covariates should be included in future studies attempting to characterize communal resource use when traditional spectral signatures do not adequately capture resource use intensity alone. This study provides insights into modeling resource use activity when leveraging both remotely sensed data and proxies for human habitation in heterogeneous, spectrally mixed rural land areas.

Host use patterns ofCulicoidesspp. biting midges at a big game preserve in Florida, U.S.A., and implications for the transmission of orbiviruses

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. McGregor ◽  
T. Stenn ◽  
K. A. Sayler ◽  
E. M. Blosser ◽  
J. K. Blackburn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Use ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
Use Patterns

Evolution of reproductive traits and selfing syndrome in the sub-endemic Mediterranean genus Centaurium Hill (Gentianaceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 191 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-235
Author(s):  
Vania Jiménez-Lobato ◽  
Marcial Escudero ◽  
Zoila Díaz Lifante ◽  
Cristina Andrés Camacho ◽  
Alejandra de Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Anther Length ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Flower Traits ◽  
Selected Traits ◽  
Selfing Syndrome

Abstract In flowering plants, the shift from outcrossing to selfing is associated with a set of correlated changes in morphological and reproductive features known as the ‘selfing syndrome’. Species of the sub-endemic Mediterranean genus Centaurium Hill (Gentianaceae) exhibit a wide array of flower traits related to pollination biology and different ploidy levels. We explored if the evolutionary transitions of seven flower traits and life cycle, typically associated with the selfing syndrome, are related to polyploidy, diversification patterns, divergence times and the geological and climatic history of the Mediterranean Basin. Using 26 species of Centaurium we reconstructed a phylogenetic tree, inferred the ancestral states of the selected traits, estimated their phylogenetic signal and tested the correlative evolution among them. We found a significant increase in diversification rates during the Quaternary. Anther length, flower size, herkogamy and polyploidy undergo rapid state transitions without phylogenetic signal that could be the result of adaptation for selfing. Changes in character states do not show evidence of correlative evolution among them, as would be predicted during the evolution of selfing syndrome. The evolution of reproductive traits in Centaurium has probably relied on a more diverse array of drivers than just reproductive assurance or polyploidy events.

scholarly journals Arthropod Resource Partitioning Among Omnivorous Tanagers (Tangara SPP.) in Western Ecuador

The Auk ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuya Naoki
Keyword(s):  
Resource Use ◽  
Foraging Ecology ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Mixed Species Flocks ◽  
Different Characteristics

Abstract The distribution and abundance of food are primary factors affecting resource-use patterns in birds. Many bird species eat several food types, which may differ in their distribution and overall abundance. I studied foraging ecology of seven sympatric species of Tangara at Mindo, Ecuador, to determine whether the patterns of resource use differed between two food types: arthropods and fruits. Interspecific differences in arthropod-foraging were manifested in the fine segregation of microhabitat preference combined with different habitat use. By contrast, interspecific differences in fruit-foraging were manifested in preferences for different plant genera, often associated with different habitats. No evidence was found for spatial partitioning of the same fruit species. Interspecific overlap in fruit-for- aging was 3× higher than that in arthropod-foraging, and species of Tangara that frequently joined the same mixed-species flocks differed largely in arthropod-foraging but overlapped greatly in fruit-foraging. The differences in patterns between arthropod and fruit-foraging may be explained by the different characteristics of arthropods and fruits as food resources. High sympatry of species of Tangara and other omnivorous tanagers, in general, appears to be maintained not because fruits are abundant, resulting in little competition for them, but because these tanagers specialize on different microhabitats for foraging arthropods. Segregación de Artrópodos como Recurso Alimenticio de Tangaras Omnívoras (Tangara spp.) en el Oeste de Ecuador

Resource use by unexploited sympatric bobcats and coyotes in Oregon

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 2333-2338 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Witmer ◽  
D. S. deCalesta
Keyword(s):  
Resource Use ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Felis Rufus ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Mountain Beaver ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
Aplodontia Rufa ◽  
Daily Activity Patterns

Unexploited populations of bobcats (Felis rufus) and coyotes (Canis latrans) were studied in the Elliott State Forest, Douglas and Coos counties, Oregon, from September 1981 to July 1982. A total of 633 radio locations of six bobcats and five coyotes were used to determine home ranges, activity, and habitat-use patterns. Twenty-five prey items were identified in bobcat and coyote scats. Diets of the two species were similar (overlap values were greater than 0.92 for all seasons). Mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa) remains occurred in over 70% of the scats from both species. Home ranges for radio-collared animals averaged 14 km2 for male coyotes, 12 km2 for female coyotes, 11 km2 for one male bobcat, and 2 km2 for female bobcats. Bobcat and coyote home ranges overlapped in time as well as space. Radio-collared bobcats were detected on occasion within the same clear-cut sites concurrently with radio-collared coyotes, and daily activity patterns were nearly identical between the two predators. Bobcats and coyotes used open areas during nightly hunting activities and retired to forested areas during the day. Coyotes used grassy, more open clearings whereas bobcats favored brushy sites.

scholarly journals Resource use by two electric fishes (Gymnotiformes) of the National Forest Saracá-Taquera, Oriximiná, Pará

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno E. Soares ◽  
Daniela C. O. Rosa ◽  
Nathália C. S. Silva ◽  
Miriam P. Albrecht ◽  
Érica P. Caramaschi
Keyword(s):  
Resource Use ◽  
Niche Breadth ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Niche Overlap ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Microhabitat Use ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Head Morphology

ABSTRACT Fishes of the order Gymnotiformes have high diversity of oral and head morphology, which suggests trophic specializations within each clade. The aim of this study was to describe resource use patterns by two fish species (Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni and Gymnotus coropinae) in the National Forest Saracá-Taquera, Oriximiná - Pará, analyzing microhabitat use, diet composition, feeding strategies, niche breadth and niche overlap. Stomach contents of 101 individuals (41 G. rondoni and 60 G. coropinae), sampled in 23 headwater streams were analyzed and volume of food items was quantified to characterize their feeding ecology. Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni was captured mainly on sandy bottoms, whereas G. coropinae in crevices. Both species had a zoobenthivorous diet and consumed predominantly Sediment/Detritus and Diptera larvae, but also included allochthonous prey in their diet. These species had high niche overlap, with small variations related to the higher consumption of Ceratopogonidae larvae by G. rondoni and of Chironomidae larvae by G. coropinae. Both species had a generalist feeding strategy, but G. coropinae had a broader niche breadth. Our results demonstrate that G. rondoni and G. coropinae occupy different microhabitats but rely on similar food resources.

scholarly journals Host Use Patterns by the European Woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, in Its Native and Invaded Range

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. e90321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew P. Ayres ◽  
Rebeca Pena ◽  
Jeffrey A. Lombardo ◽  
Maria J. Lombardero
Keyword(s):  
Host Use ◽  
Sirex Noctilio ◽  
Use Patterns
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