plant parasites
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Life ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Dan Zhao ◽  
Yao Wang ◽  
Ling Wen ◽  
Hongyun Qu ◽  
Zuobiao Zhang ◽  
...  

It is well known that crop monoculture can induce negative effects on soil ecosystems and crop productivity. However, little is known about how vegetable monoculture affects the soil nematode community structure and its relationship with vegetable yields. In this study, the composition, abundance, metabolic footprint, and ecological indices of soil nematodes are investigated in monocultures of pumpkin and melon. The relationships between nematode community structure and yields of pumpkin and melon were analyzed by linear regression. Both monoculture soils of pumpkin and melon suppressed the relative abundance of bacterivores but increased the relative abundance of plant parasites. Pumpkin monoculture soils decreased soil nematode diversity but increased the maturity index of plant parasites. Monoculture soils of pumpkin and melon decreased the metabolic footprint of lower- and higher-level trophic groups of the soil food web, respectively. Pumpkin and melon monoculture soils increased the food web indices channel index (CI) but decreased the enrichment index (EI) and the structure index (SI). The monoculture soils of pumpkin and melon led to a more fungal-dominated decomposition pathway and degraded soil food web conditions. The abundance of bacterivores and food web indices EI and SI were positively correlated with soil nutrients and pH, while the abundance of plant parasites and CI were negatively correlated with soil nutrients and pH. Paratylenchus was negatively correlated with pumpkin and melon yields and could be the potential plant parasites threatening pumpkin and melon productions. Redundancy analysis showed that monocultures of pumpkin and melon altered the soil nematode community via soil properties; total N, total P, alkeline-N, and pH were the main driving factors.


Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5052 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
GILLIAN W. WATSON ◽  
DAVID OUVRARD

Scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) are obligate plant parasites feeding on plant sap; some are damaging pests in agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Despite their economic importance, the scale insects found in continental Africa have not been extensively studied and the keys for identifying them are incomplete and scattered through the literature in several languages. The aim of this study is to improve our understanding of the African scale insect fauna. As a first step towards their identification, we provide a key to the 23 families currently known from continental Africa, based on slide-mounted adult females, covering Aclerdidae, Asterolecaniidae, Cerococcidae, Coccidae, Conchaspididae, Dactylopiidae, Diaspididae, Eriococcidae, Halimococcidae, Kermesidae, Kerriidae, Kuwaniidae, Lecanodiaspididae, Margarodidae, Matsucoccidae, Micrococcidae, Monophlebidae, Ortheziidae, Phoenicococcidae, Pseudococcidae, Putoidae, Rhizoecidae and Stictococcidae.  


2021 ◽  
pp. PHP-01-21-0005-
Author(s):  
Adrienne M. Gorny ◽  
Weimin Ye ◽  
Sam Cude ◽  
Lindsey Thiessen

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are one of the most economically important plant parasites in the world, and significantly impacts soybean production in places where they are endemic. Several species of root-knot nematode are capable of causing significant damages to soybean and have broad host ranges that include common rotational crops and weeds. Symptoms of root-knot nematode infections may be confused with other diseases, nutritional disorders, or common root features associated with legumes. The purpose of this diagnostic guide is to provide information regarding identification, isolation, storage, and other relevant aspects of this pathosystem.


Oikos ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agathe Dutt ◽  
Rault Anthony ◽  
Didier Andrivon ◽  
Stéphane Jumel ◽  
Gwenola Le Roy ◽  
...  

EDIS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Wheeler ◽  
William Talmadge Crow

There are nematodes of several genera that feed on plant stems and foliage, including Aphelenchoides, Bursaphelenchus, Anguina, Ditylenchus and Litylenchus. Herein, we apply the common name “foliar nematode” specifically to plant-feeding nematodes in the genus Aphelechoides, specifically Aphelenchoides besseyi, Aphelenchoides fragariae, and Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi. While most members of Aphelenchoides are fungivorous (feed on fungi), these three species have populations that are facultative plant-parasites that can feed on live plant tissue. Ten other species of Aphelenchoides also are recognized as facultative plant-parasites, but these are not as commonly encountered or as economically significant as the aforementioned species. Unlike most plant-parasitic nematodes, foliar nematodes can infest the aerial portions of plants rather than dwelling strictly in soil and plant roots. Damage from their feeding can reduce yield in food crops and ruin the appearance of ornamentals.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1279


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Fiore-Donno ◽  
Tim Richter-Heitmann ◽  
Michael Bonkowski

AbstractFunctional traits are increasingly used in ecology to link the structure of microbial communities to ecosystem processes. We investigated two important protistan lineages, Cercozoa and Endomyxa (Rhizaria) in soil using Illumina sequencing and analysed their diversity and functional traits along with their responses to environmental factors in grassland and forest across Germany. From 600 soil samples, we obtained 2,101 Operational Taxonomy Units representing ~18 million Illumina reads (region V4, 18S rRNA gene). All major taxonomic and functional groups were present, dominated by small bacterivorous flagellates (Glissomonadida). Endomyxan plant parasites were absent from forest. In grassland, they were promoted by more intensive land use management. Grassland and forest strikingly differed in community composition. Relative abundances of bacterivores and eukaryvores were contrastingly influenced by environmental factors, indicating bottom-up regulation by food resources. These patterns provide new insights into the functional organization of soil biota and indications for a more sustainable land-use management.HighlightsProtistan plant parasites of worldwide importance (Phytomyxea) are absent from forestProtistan plant parasites are enhanced by land use intensification in grasslandOpposite responses of protistan trophic guilds to environmental conditions in forestDrastic differences in protistan community composition between grassland and forest


Author(s):  
Álvaro Polonio ◽  
Alejandro Pérez-García ◽  
Jesús Martínez-Cruz ◽  
Dolores Fernández-Ortuño ◽  
Antonio de Vicente

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renčo ◽  
Čerevková ◽  
Gömöryová

Windstorms can often decrease the diversity of native local biota in European forests. The effects of windstorms on the species richness of flora and fauna in coniferous forests of natural reserves are well established, but the effects on biotas in productive deciduous forests have been less well studied. We analyzed the impact of windstorms on the diversity and abundance of soil nematode communities and microbial activity and their relationships with the succession of plant species and basic soil physicochemical properties 12 and 36 months after a windstorm in Fagus sylvatica forests. The relationships were investigated in cleared early-successional forest ecosystems and at undamaged forest sites as a control. The windstorm significantly affected total nematode abundance, number of nematode species, and the diversity and abundance of all nematode functional guilds, but no functional guilds disappeared after the disturbance. The abundance of several nematode taxa but not total nematode abundance was positively correlated with soil-moisture content. Indices of the nematode communities were inconsistent between sites due to their variable ability to identify ecosystem disturbance 12 months after the storm. In contrast, the metabolic activity of various functional groups identified ecosystem disturbance well throughout the study. Positive correlations were identified between the number of plant parasites and soil-moisture content and between carnivore abundance and soil pH. Positive mutual links of some nematode genera (mainly plant parasites) with the distribution of dominant grasses and herbs depended on the habitat. In contrast, microbial activity differed significantly between disturbed and undisturbed sites up to 36 months after the storm, especially soil basal respiration, N mineralization, and microbial biomass. Our results indicated different temporal responses for two groups of soil organisms to the destruction of the tree canopy. Soil nematodes reacted immediately, but changes in the microbial communities were visible much later after the disturbance.


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