scholarly journals ENOregulates tomato fruit size through the floral meristem development network

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (14) ◽  
pp. 8187-8195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando J. Yuste-Lisbona ◽  
Antonia Fernández-Lozano ◽  
Benito Pineda ◽  
Sandra Bretones ◽  
Ana Ortíz-Atienza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Floral Meristem ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Locule Number ◽  
Meristem Development

A dramatic evolution of fruit size has accompanied the domestication and improvement of fruit-bearing crop species. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), naturally occurring cis-regulatory mutations in the genes of the CLAVATA-WUSCHEL signaling pathway have led to a significant increase in fruit size generating enlarged meristems that lead to flowers with extra organs and bigger fruits. In this work, by combining mapping-by-sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing methods, we isolatedEXCESSIVE NUMBER OF FLORAL ORGANS(ENO), an AP2/ERF transcription factor which regulates floral meristem activity. Thus, theENOgene mutation gives rise to plants that yield larger multilocular fruits due to an increased size of the floral meristem. Genetic analyses indicate thatenoexhibits synergistic effects with mutations at theLOCULE NUMBER(encodingSlWUS) andFASCIATED(encodingSlCLV3) loci, two central players in the evolution of fruit size in the domestication of cultivated tomatoes. Our findings reveal that anenomutation causes a substantial expansion ofSlWUSexpression domains in a flower-specific manner. In vitro binding results show that ENO is able to interact with the GGC-box cis-regulatory element within theSlWUSpromoter region, suggesting that ENO directly regulatesSlWUSexpression domains to maintain floral stem-cell homeostasis. Furthermore, the study of natural allelic variation of theENOlocus proved that a cis-regulatory mutation in the promoter ofENOhad been targeted by positive selection during the domestication process, setting up the background for significant increases in fruit locule number and fruit size in modern tomatoes.

Developmental characterization of the fasciated locus and mapping of Arabidopsis candidate genes involved in the control of floral meristem size and carpel number in tomato

Genome ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 991-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
L S Barrero ◽  
B Cong ◽  
F Wu ◽  
S D Tanksley
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Floral Meristem ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Meristem Size ◽  
Locule Number ◽  
Meristem Development

Mutation at the fasciated locus was a key step in the production of extreme fruit size during tomato domestication. To shed light on the nature of these changes, near-isogenic lines were used for a comparative developmental study of fasciated and wild-type tomato plants. The fasciated gene directly affects floral meristem size and is expressed before the earliest stages of flower organogenesis. As a result, mature fruit of fasciated mutants have more carpels (locules) and greater fruit diameter and mass. The discovery that fasciated affects floral meristem size led to a search for candidate genes from Arabidopsis known to be involved in floral meristem development. Putative homologs were identified in a large tomato EST database, verified through phylogenetic analyses, and mapped in tomato; none mapped to the fasciated locus; however, putative homologs of WUS and WIG mapped to the locule number locus on chromosome 2, the second major transition to large tomato fruit, with WUS showing the highest association. In other cases, minor QTLs for floral organ number (lcn2.2) and (stn11.2) co-localized with a CLV1 paralog and with the syntenic region containing the CLV3 gene in Arabidopsis, respectively.Key words: fasciated, floral meristem, locule number, Arabidopsis, fruit.

scholarly journals The effect of the blue light on the pericarp cell growth and lycopene content of cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) fruit

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. First
Author(s):  
Dien Thi Kieu Pham ◽  
Kiet Thuong Do ◽  
Sanh Du Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Cherry Tomato ◽  
Blue Filter ◽  
Lycopene Content

The cherry tomato fruit size depends on the growth of the pericarp which is parenchymal cells. The blue light stimulates the expansion of cotyledon cells, hypocotyl cells and leaf cells. In this study, the cherry tomato fruit was used as a material to investigate the effects of the blue light on the pericarp cells growth in fruit growth stage and lycopene accumulation in fruit growth and ripening stage. After 7 days of the blue light (440, 450 or 460 nm) treatment, pericarp cells growth and physiological, biochemical changes of the pericarp cells of 7-day-old fruit pericarp piece in vitro were analyzed. The lycopene content and some organic compound contents of 42-day-old postharvest fruits treated by the blue light similarly in 7 days and 7, 21-day-old fruit wrapped with blue filter (440-510 nm filtered) in 7 days were measured. The results showed that the 450 nm wavelength blue light the increased pericarp thickness of 7-day-old fruits through the increasement of the pericarp cell diameter. The 460 nm wavelength blue light the increased lycopene content of 42-day-old postharvest fruits. The blue filter treatment increased the sugar total content of 7- day-old fruits and increased the lycopene content of 21-day-old fruits.

scholarly journals TOMATO FRUIT SIZE AS AFFECTED BY ROOT MASS IN TISSUE CULTURE

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1079c-1079
Author(s):  
Sitheswary Logendra ◽  
Mei-Mann Hsueh ◽  
Harry W. Janes
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Napthaleneacetic Acid

The effect of root mass on tomato fruit size in tissue culture was studied. The root mass of the ovaries was changed either by growing in culture media containing different concentrations of NAA (α– napthaleneacetic acid) or by culturing the ovaries with and without sepals. The root mass increased with a decrease in NAA concentration from 10.0 to 2.5 μM and the ovaries with sepals developed more roots. The tomato fruit size was affected by the root mass. The greater the root mass, the larger was the fruit size. However, the larger fruit size from ovaries cultured with sepals could be attributed either to the presence of more roots (greater absorption of sucrose) or to the sepal (additional carbon fixation by photosynthesis), or to both the sepals and more roots. Moreover, it is possible that the presence of sepals induce root development. These results indicate that the presence of sepals and total root mass are two important factors that influence the fruit size in vitro.

Decreased number of locules and pericarp cell layers underlie smaller and ovoid fruit in tomato smaller fruit (sf) mutant

Botany ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (12) ◽  
pp. 883-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Yushun Li ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Tayeb Muhammad ◽  
Yan Liang
Keyword(s):  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Phenotypic Change ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Locule Number ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Fruit Size And Shape

Fruit size and shape are the primary criteria for domestication and improvement of tomato. The varying sizes and shapes of tomato fruit further signify their importance as agronomic traits. Here, we characterized a tomato mutant, smaller fruit (sf), which bears relatively small and ovoid fruits compared with the large and flat fruits of the wild-type (WT). Phenotypic measurements and histological analyses revealed that fruit diameter but not fruit length of the sf mutant decreased compared with that of the WT. This phenotypic change was attributed to significant decreases in locule number and pericarp cell layers in a transverse direction, which resulted in the transition of fruit shape from flat in the WT to ovoid in sf. Comparison of the transcriptomes of ovaries of sf with the WT using RNA-Seq identified 2596 differentially expressed genes, in which 1737 genes significantly were up-regulated and 859 genes were dramatically down-regulated in the sf ovary. Further analyses confirmed that some genes, such as CRCa, CNRs, CYCs, WUS, SUNs, OFRs, CDKs, participate in regulation of fruit size and shape of sf mutant. Thus, our study adds a new genetic resource regarding fruit size and shape of tomato, and provides a valuable basis for understanding molecular regulation of small and ovoid fruit of the sf mutant.

scholarly journals Mutation at the tomato EXCESSIVE NUMBER OF FLORAL ORGANS (ENO) locus impairs floral meristem development, thus promoting an increased number of floral organs and fruit size

Plant Science ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 232 ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Fernández-Lozano ◽  
Fernando J. Yuste-Lisbona ◽  
Fernando Pérez-Martín ◽  
Benito Pineda ◽  
Vicente Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Floral Meristem ◽  
Floral Organs ◽  
Meristem Development ◽  
Excessive Number

Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Potential of Helenalin

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-142
Author(s):  
Priyanka Kriplani ◽  
Kumar Guarve
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Active Constituent ◽  
Scientific Impact ◽  
Isolation Techniques ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Prevention Of Cancer ◽  
Synthetic Derivatives

Background: Arnica montana, containing helenalin as its principal active constituent, is the most widely used plant to treat various ailments. Recent studies indicate that Arnica and helenalin provide significant health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antioxidant, cholesterol-lowering, immunomodulatory, and most important, anti-cancer properties. Objective: The objective of the present study is to overview the recent patents of Arnica and its principal constituent helenalin, including new methods of isolation, and their use in the prevention of cancer and other ailments. Methods: Current prose and patents emphasizing the anti-cancer potential of helenalin and Arnica, incorporated as anti-inflammary agents in anti-cancer preparations, have been identified and reviewed with particular emphasis on their scientific impact and novelty. Results: Helenalin has shown its anti-cancer potential to treat multiple types of tumors, both in vitro and in vivo. It has also portrayed synergistic effects when given in combination with other anti- cancer drugs or natural compounds. New purification/isolation techniques are also developing with novel helenalin formulations and its synthetic derivatives have been developed to increase its solubility and bioavailability. Conclusion: The promising anti-cancer potential of helenalin in various preclinical studies may open new avenues for therapeutic interventions in different tumors. Thus clinical trials validating its tumor suppressing and chemopreventive activities, particularly in conjunction with standard therapies, are immediately required.

Synergistic Antitumor Effect of 5-Fluorouracil Combined with Constituents from Pleurospermum lindleyanum in Hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Feng Zhu ◽  
Xiao-Jin Li ◽  
Zhong-Lian Cao ◽  
Xiu-Jie Liu ◽  
Ping Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Caspase 9 ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Induced Apoptosis

Background: A Chinese folk medicine plant Pleurospermum lindleyanum possesses pharmacological activities of heat-clearing, detoxifying and preventing from hepatopathy, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and high altitude sickness. We isolated and characterized its constituents to investigate its synergistic effects against human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells. Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the synergistic anti-cancer activities of isolates from P. lindleyanum with 5-FU on hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells in vitro and their primary mechanisms. Methods: Sequential chromatographic techniques were conducted for the isolation studies. The isolates structures were established by spectroscopic analysis as well as X-ray crystallographic diffraction. Growth inhibition was detected by MTT assay. The isobologram method was used to assess the effect of drug combinations. Flow cytometry and western blot were used to examine apoptosis and protein expression. Results: A new coumarin (16), along with sixteen known compounds, were isolated from the whole plant of P. lindleyanum and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Four coumarins (2, 3, 5, and 16), two flavonoids (8 and 9) and three phytosterols and triterpenes (12-14) were found to synergistically enhance the inhibitory effect of 5-FU against SMMC-7721 cells. Among them, compounds 3 and 16 exhibited the best synergistic effects with IC50 of 5-FU reduced by 16-fold and 22-fold possessing the minimum Combination Index (CI) 0.34 and 0.27. The mechanism of action of combinations might be through synergistic arresting for the cell cycle at G1 phases and the induction of apoptosis. Moreover, western blotting and molecular docking revealed that compounds 3 or 5 might promote 5-FU-induced apoptosis by regulating the expression of Caspase 9 and PARP. Conclusion: Constituents from P. lindleyanum may improve the treatment effectiveness of 5-FU against hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

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