scholarly journals The effect of the blue light on the pericarp cell growth and lycopene content of cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) fruit

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. First
Author(s):  
Dien Thi Kieu Pham ◽  
Kiet Thuong Do ◽  
Sanh Du Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Cherry Tomato ◽  
Blue Filter ◽  
Lycopene Content

The cherry tomato fruit size depends on the growth of the pericarp which is parenchymal cells. The blue light stimulates the expansion of cotyledon cells, hypocotyl cells and leaf cells. In this study, the cherry tomato fruit was used as a material to investigate the effects of the blue light on the pericarp cells growth in fruit growth stage and lycopene accumulation in fruit growth and ripening stage. After 7 days of the blue light (440, 450 or 460 nm) treatment, pericarp cells growth and physiological, biochemical changes of the pericarp cells of 7-day-old fruit pericarp piece in vitro were analyzed. The lycopene content and some organic compound contents of 42-day-old postharvest fruits treated by the blue light similarly in 7 days and 7, 21-day-old fruit wrapped with blue filter (440-510 nm filtered) in 7 days were measured. The results showed that the 450 nm wavelength blue light the increased pericarp thickness of 7-day-old fruits through the increasement of the pericarp cell diameter. The 460 nm wavelength blue light the increased lycopene content of 42-day-old postharvest fruits. The blue filter treatment increased the sugar total content of 7- day-old fruits and increased the lycopene content of 21-day-old fruits.

scholarly journals Evaluating Performance of Cherry and Slicer Tomato Cultivars in Greenhouse and Open Field Conditions: Yield and Fruit Quality

HortScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Hardeep Singh ◽  
Bruce Dunn ◽  
Niels Maness ◽  
Lynn Brandenberger ◽  
Lynda Carrier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Cherry Tomato ◽  
Production Type ◽  
Lycopene Content ◽  
Tomato Cultivars ◽  
Field Production

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most extensively cultivated horticultural crops in the world. Factors such as yield, size, taste, and lycopene content are important criteria that may impact the selection of tomato cultivars for different production systems. The aim of the current study was to evaluate different slicer and cherry tomato cultivars for production under greenhouse and open field conditions. Three cultivars of slicer (BHN 964, Trust, and Geronimo) and cherry (BHN 268, Favorita, and Sakura) tomatoes were tested using randomized complete block design in 2019 and 2020. Results showed that the performance of tested cultivars differed under greenhouse verses open field conditions. Among cherry tomato cultivars in 2020, BHN 268 and Sakura produced significantly greater yield under open field conditions, while under greenhouse conditions yield of BHN 268 was the lowest. Similarly, cherry tomato fruit size from ‘BHN 268’ and ‘Sakura’ was also significantly greater than ‘Favorita’ under field conditions, whereas under greenhouse conditions, the fruit size of ‘Sakura’ was significantly greater than both ‘BHN 268’ and ‘Favorita’. Among slicer tomato cultivars, BHN 964 produced significantly greater yield and had a greater average fruit size than the other two cultivars under greenhouse conditions in 2020 while, Geronimo produced significantly similar or larger yield and had a similar average fruit size compared with BHN 964 under open field conditions. Tomatoes produced under open field conditions were rated significantly greater for taste compared with those produced under greenhouse conditions. Lycopene content in both slicer and cherry tomato cultivars was influenced by the interaction of production type, cultivars, and harvest time. Therefore, it can be concluded that BHN 964 and Geronimo were the highest in lycopene among slicer tomato cultivars for greenhouse and open field production, respectively. Among cherry tomato cultivars, BHN 268 was the highest in lycopene for open field production and Sakura for greenhouse production. Additionally, open field–produced tomatoes taste better than greenhouse-produced tomatoes, but lycopene content may be constrained for mid- and late-season fruits due to high temperature conditions under open field conditions.

The growth of apricot fruit. II. The effects of temperature and gibberellic acid

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
DI Jackson ◽  
BG Coombe
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Endogenous Gibberellin ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Size And Shape

The effect of temperature and gibberellic acid (GA3) applications on apricot fruit have been determined by measurements of fruit size and shape, mesocarp cell number, size, and shape, and endogenous gibberellin. Application of heat during the first 10 nights after anthesis increased the initial growth rate of fruit and of cells in the mesocarp and produced more rapid cell division in this tissue. It did not affect final fruit size or the number and diameter of cells in the mesocarp. Higher temperatures did, however, hasten maturity of fruit. GA3 perfused into branches before anthesis produced an increased drop of flower buds and fruit, raised the ratio of flower buds to leaf buds initiated that season, and resulted in elongated pedicels. Initially, fruit growth rate was increased by GA3, but subsequently it was depressed and final size was below normal. These effects on fruit size were mainly due to effects on the rate of cell division. Some differences were noted in the dimensions of cells but final radial cell diameter did not differ from untreated fruit. GA3-treated fruit ripened sooner than controls. Neither heating nor GA3 treatments affected the level of endogenous gibberellin-like substances in the fruit or their RF on paper chromatograms. There were no significant interactions between temperature and gibberellin in any parameter of apricot fruit growth.

Development of fruit cuticle in cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Domínguez ◽  
Gloria López-Casado ◽  
Jesús Cuartero ◽  
Antonio Heredia
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Epidermal Differentiation ◽  
Cherry Tomato ◽  
Cellulose Material ◽  
Cuticle Formation ◽  
Fruit Development And Ripening ◽  
Cuticle Thickness

The cuticle of a plant plays an important role in many physiological events of fruit development and ripening. Despite this, little is known about cuticle formation and development. We include a detailed morphological study at the microscopic level of cuticle during fruit growth and ripening using tomato as a fruit model. In addition, a study of the differences in cuticle thickness and composition during development is included. The four genotypes studied in this work showed a similar timing of the main morphological events: initiation of epidermal differentiation, changes in the distribution of the lipid, pectin and cellulose material within the cuticle, appearance of pegs, beginning of cuticle invaginations, maximum thickness and loss of polysaccharidic material. Fruit growth, measured by fruit diameter, showed a positive correlation with the increase of cuticle thickness and the amount of cuticle and their cutin and polysaccharide components per fruit unit during development. By contrast, cuticle waxes showed a different behaviour. Two important characteristics of cuticle growth were observed during tomato fruit development. First, the amount of cuticle per surface area reached its maximum in the first 15 days after anthesis and remained more or less constant until ripening. Second, there was a significant loss of polysaccharidic material from the beginning of ripening (breaker stage) to full red ripe.

scholarly journals Response of Cell Division and Cell Expansion to Local Fruit Heating in Tomato Fruit

2012 ◽  
Vol 137 (5) ◽  
pp. 294-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julienne Fanwoua ◽  
Pieter de Visser ◽  
Ep Heuvelink ◽  
Gerco Angenent ◽  
Xinyou Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Direction Parallel ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Fruit Skin

To improve our understanding of fruit growth responses to temperature, it is important to analyze temperature effects on underlying fruit cellular processes. This study aimed at analyzing the response of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit size to heating as affected by changes in cell number and cell expansion in different directions. Individual trusses were enclosed into cuvettes and heating was applied either only during the first 7 days after anthesis (DAA), from 7 DAA until fruit maturity (breaker stage), or both. Fruit size and histological characteristics in the pericarp were measured. Heating fruit shortened fruit growth period and reduced final fruit size. Reduction in final fruit size of early-heated fruit was mainly associated with reduction in final pericarp cell volume. Early heating increased the number of cell layers in the pericarp but did not affect the total number of pericarp cells. These results indicate that in the tomato pericarp, periclinal cell divisions respond differently to temperature than anticlinal or randomly oriented cell divisions. Late heating only decreased pericarp thickness significantly. Continuously heating fruit reduced anticlinal cell expansion (direction perpendicular to fruit skin) more than periclinal cell expansion (direction parallel to fruit skin). This study emphasizes the need to measure cell expansion in more than one dimension in histological studies of fruit.

scholarly journals CULTIVAR VARIATION IN APPLE FRUIT GROWTH RATES, SORBITOL ACCUMULATION, AND TISSUE OSMOTIC POTENTIAL

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1070b-1070
Author(s):  
Dougles D. Archbold
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Uptake Rates

Absolute and relative fruit growth rates (AGR and RGR) of 5 cultivars were calculated from the oven-dry weights of fruits harvested periodically throughout the growing season. Both AGR and RGR were higher for larger fruit of different cultivars with similar days to maturity, and for summer- versus fall-ripening cultivars. Seasonal variability in AGR and RGR was observed, Apple fruit cortex disks were incubated in 14C-sorbitol solutions in vitro to determine if uptake rates at the cellular level varied between cultivars. Rates of sorbitol accumulation, expressed es μg sorbitol per mg dry weight cortex tissue, declined as the season progressed. Within a cuitivar, uptake rates were not relatad to fruit size, nor were differences found between cortex tissue samples from competing fruit on a spur. Sorbitol uptake rates were significantly lower for the more slowly-growing cultivar. The osmotic potential of the expressed cortex sap, sampled on several dates, was consistently lower for the more rapidly-growing cultivar. Thus, inherent differences in fruit growth rates among cultivars may be due to variation in regulation of osmotic potential.

Relationship of fruit color and light exposure to lycopene content and antioxidant properties of tomato

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 913-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Cox ◽  
C. Stushnoff ◽  
D. A. Sampson
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Lycopene Content ◽  
Phenolic Concentration

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), a potent source of antioxidants in the diet, is characterized by remarkable genetic biodiversity, especially in fruit size and color. Horticultural practices and breeding efforts hold the potential to enhance antioxidant content in tomato fruit, but which antioxidants are most important? Lycopene content, total phenolic content, and radical scavenging capacity were examined in yellow, orange, red, and black-fruited tomato cultivars using lyophilized samples. Color was generally an accurate indicator of lycopene content, with a yellow cultivar containing less lycopene than red cultivars, and two of three red cultivars containing more than an orange cultivar. However, black cultivars as a group did not contain more lycopene than red. Tomato fruit harvested green-mature and exposed to 24 h light during ripening at 25°C in a growth cabinet had a higher lycopene concentration than green-mature fruit exposed for 8 h. 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity did not vary among different colored cultivars, and was no different in stored (2 yr) or freshly prepared lyophilized samples. Total phenolic concentration was higher in orange, red, and black fruited cultivars than in yellow. Total phenolic concentration was lower in lyophilized powder samples of orange, red, and black cultivar fruit stored for 2 yr at -20°C relative to freshly prepared samples. Neither lycopene nor total phenolic concentration was well correlated to antioxidant capacity. Key words: High performance liquid chromatography, photoperiod

scholarly journals TOMATO FRUIT SIZE AS AFFECTED BY ROOT MASS IN TISSUE CULTURE

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1079c-1079
Author(s):  
Sitheswary Logendra ◽  
Mei-Mann Hsueh ◽  
Harry W. Janes
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Napthaleneacetic Acid

The effect of root mass on tomato fruit size in tissue culture was studied. The root mass of the ovaries was changed either by growing in culture media containing different concentrations of NAA (α– napthaleneacetic acid) or by culturing the ovaries with and without sepals. The root mass increased with a decrease in NAA concentration from 10.0 to 2.5 μM and the ovaries with sepals developed more roots. The tomato fruit size was affected by the root mass. The greater the root mass, the larger was the fruit size. However, the larger fruit size from ovaries cultured with sepals could be attributed either to the presence of more roots (greater absorption of sucrose) or to the sepal (additional carbon fixation by photosynthesis), or to both the sepals and more roots. Moreover, it is possible that the presence of sepals induce root development. These results indicate that the presence of sepals and total root mass are two important factors that influence the fruit size in vitro.

scholarly journals Cultivar-specific Apple Fruit Growth Rates in Vivo and Sink Activities in Vitro

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas D. Archbold
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Days To Maturity ◽  
Physiological Constraint

Absolute and relative fruit growth rates (AGR and RGR) of apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) were calculated from the fruit dry weights of several cultivars harvested periodically following June drop during 1988-90. AGRs were constant or varied slightly, and RGRs generally declined as the season progressed. Generally, both AGR and RGR values were higher for relatively large fruit of several cultivars with similar days to maturity, e.g., `McIntosh' vs. `Jonathan' and for summervs. fall-ripening cultivars, e.g., `Stayman' vs. others. An exception was observed in 1990, when `Golden Delicious' exhibited a higher AGR but lower RGR than `Rome Beauty', yet ripened 1 month earlier. `Golden Delicious' AGR and RGR values were lower for both fruit of a pair on a spur than the values for a single fruit on a spur, and the dominant fruit of the pair exhibited higher growth rates than the inferior fruit. Rates of sorbitol accumulation (SAR) by cortex disks incubated in 14C-labeled sorbitol solutions in vitro declined as the season progressed. Within a cultivar, SARS were not related to fruit size, nor were differences found between cortex disks from competing fruit on a spur, although SARS were higher for both competing fruit on a spur as compared to that of a single fruit per spur. Due to a positive correlation between RGR and SAR values, the SAR of cortex cells may be regulated in such a manner as to be a physiological constraint on fruit sink strength and growth rate.

scholarly journals ENOregulates tomato fruit size through the floral meristem development network

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (14) ◽  
pp. 8187-8195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando J. Yuste-Lisbona ◽  
Antonia Fernández-Lozano ◽  
Benito Pineda ◽  
Sandra Bretones ◽  
Ana Ortíz-Atienza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Floral Meristem ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Locule Number ◽  
Meristem Development

A dramatic evolution of fruit size has accompanied the domestication and improvement of fruit-bearing crop species. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), naturally occurring cis-regulatory mutations in the genes of the CLAVATA-WUSCHEL signaling pathway have led to a significant increase in fruit size generating enlarged meristems that lead to flowers with extra organs and bigger fruits. In this work, by combining mapping-by-sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing methods, we isolatedEXCESSIVE NUMBER OF FLORAL ORGANS(ENO), an AP2/ERF transcription factor which regulates floral meristem activity. Thus, theENOgene mutation gives rise to plants that yield larger multilocular fruits due to an increased size of the floral meristem. Genetic analyses indicate thatenoexhibits synergistic effects with mutations at theLOCULE NUMBER(encodingSlWUS) andFASCIATED(encodingSlCLV3) loci, two central players in the evolution of fruit size in the domestication of cultivated tomatoes. Our findings reveal that anenomutation causes a substantial expansion ofSlWUSexpression domains in a flower-specific manner. In vitro binding results show that ENO is able to interact with the GGC-box cis-regulatory element within theSlWUSpromoter region, suggesting that ENO directly regulatesSlWUSexpression domains to maintain floral stem-cell homeostasis. Furthermore, the study of natural allelic variation of theENOlocus proved that a cis-regulatory mutation in the promoter ofENOhad been targeted by positive selection during the domestication process, setting up the background for significant increases in fruit locule number and fruit size in modern tomatoes.

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