scholarly journals Retinal rods and cones have distinct G protein beta and gamma subunits.

1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (22) ◽  
pp. 10882-10886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. W. Peng ◽  
J. D. Robishaw ◽  
M. A. Levine ◽  
K. W. Yau
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Rods And Cones ◽  
Retinal Rods ◽  
Gamma Subunits

scholarly journals G protein beta gamma subunits. Simplified purification and properties of novel isoforms.

1994 ◽  
Vol 269 (6) ◽  
pp. 4388-4395 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ueda ◽  
J.A. Iñiguez-Lluhi ◽  
E. Lee ◽  
A.V. Smrcka ◽  
J.D. Robishaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Purification And Properties ◽  
Gamma Subunits ◽  
Novel Isoforms

scholarly journals Role of G protein beta gamma subunits in the regulation of the plasma membrane Ca2+ pump.

1992 ◽  
Vol 267 (4) ◽  
pp. 2375-2379 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Lotersztajn ◽  
C Pavoine ◽  
P Deterre ◽  
J Capeau ◽  
A Mallat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Gamma Subunits

scholarly journals Production, processing and partial purification of functional G protein βγ subunits in baculovirus-infected insect cells

1992 ◽  
Vol 286 (3) ◽  
pp. 677-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
J D Robishaw ◽  
V K Kalman ◽  
K L Proulx
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
G Proteins ◽  
Insect Cells ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Baculovirus Expression System ◽  
Partial Purification ◽  
Baculovirus Expression ◽  
Gamma Subunits ◽  
Infected Insect ◽  
Beta 2

As a result of the inability to resolve the heterogeneous mixture of G protein beta gamma subunits present in tissues, it has not been possible to compare different beta gamma subunits of the G proteins in terms of their proposed roles in receptor-effector coupling. This study was undertaken to establish the utility of the baculovirus expression system in producing homogeneous beta gamma subunits of defined composition for the comparative analysis of these subunits in reconstitution systems. In this study we report the expression, and appropriate post-translational processing, of recombinant beta 2, gamma 2 and gamma 3 subunits. In addition, we show that the recombinant beta gamma subunits can be readily purified, and can functionally interact with the alpha subunits of the G proteins.

scholarly journals ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OBSERVATIONS ON SYNAPTIC VESICLES IN SYNAPSES OF THE RETINAL RODS AND CONES

1956 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo De Robertis ◽  
Carlos M. Franchi
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Albino Rabbit ◽  
Synaptic Membrane ◽  
Complete Darkness ◽  
Rods And Cones ◽  
Retinal Rods ◽  
Filamentous Material ◽  
Rod Cell

The submicroscopic organization of the rod and cone synapses of the albino rabbit has been investigated with the use of the electron microscope. The most common rod synapse consists of an enlarged expansion of the rod fiber (the so called spherule) into which the dendritic postsynaptic fiber of the bipolar cell penetrates and digitates. The membrane surrounding the terminal consists of a double layer, the external of which is interpreted as belonging to the intervening glial cells. The synaptic membrane has a pre- and a postsynaptic layer with a total thickness of 180 to 300 A. The presynaptic layer is frequently denser and is intimately associated with the adjacent synaptic vesicles. The synaptic membrane shows processes constituted by foldings of the presynaptic layer. The entire spherule is filled with synaptic vesicles varying in diameter between 200 and 650 A with a mean of 386 A. In addition, the spherule contains a few large vacuoles near the rod fiber, interpreted as endoplasmic reticulum, and a matrix in which with high resolution a fine filamentous material can be observed. The postsynaptic fiber is homogeneous and usually does not show synaptic vesicles. In animals maintained in complete darkness for 24 hours vesicles appear to accumulate near the synaptic membrane and its processes. After 9 days there is a sharp decrease in size of the synaptic vesicles. A special rod synapse in which the dendritic postsynaptic expansion penetrates directly into the rod cell body has been identified. In line with Cajal's classification this type of synapse could be considered as a somatodendritic one. The cone synapse has a much larger terminal with a more complex relationship with the postsynaptic fiber. However, the same components recognized in the rod synapse can be observed. In animals maintained for 9 days in complete darkness there is also a considerable diminution in size of the synaptic vesicles.

Stoichiometry of G protein subunits affects the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating pheromone signal transduction pathway

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 510-517
Author(s):  
G M Cole ◽  
D E Stone ◽  
S I Reed
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Signal Transduction ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Mating Pheromone ◽  
Gal1 Promoter ◽  
Gamma Subunits ◽  
Adaptation Response ◽  
High Level

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae GPA1, STE4, and STE18 genes encode products homologous to mammalian G-protein alpha, beta, and gamma subunits, respectively. All three genes function in the transduction of the signal generated by mating pheromone in haploid cells. To characterize more completely the role of these genes in mating, we have conditionally overexpressed GPA1, STE4, and STE18, using the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter. Overexpression of STE4 alone, or STE4 together with STE18, generated a response in haploid cells suggestive of pheromone signal transduction: arrest in G1 of the cell cycle, formation of cellular projections, and induction of the pheromone-inducible transcript FUS1 25- to 70-fold. High-level STE18 expression alone had none of these effects, nor did overexpression of STE4 in a MATa/alpha diploid. However, STE18 was essential for the response, since overexpression of STE4 was unable to activate a response in a ste18 null strain. GPA1 hyperexpression suppressed the phenotype of STE4 overexpression. In addition, cells that overexpressed GPA1 were more resistant to pheromone and recovered more quickly from pheromone than did wild-type cells, which suggests that GPA1 may function in an adaptation response to pheromone.

scholarly journals Lessons from Photoreceptors: Turning Off G-Protein Signaling in Living Cells

Physiology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie E. Burns ◽  
Edward N. Pugh
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
G Protein Signaling ◽  
Protein Signaling ◽  
Signaling System ◽  
Signaling Systems ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Retinal Rods

Phototransduction in retinal rods is one of the most extensively studied G-protein signaling systems. In recent years, our understanding of the biochemical steps that regulate the deactivation of the rod's response to light has greatly improved. Here, we summarize recent advances and highlight some of the remaining puzzles in this model signaling system.

PHOTOTRANSDUCTION IN RETINAL RODS AND CONES

Vision ◽  
2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
YIANNIS KOUTALOS ◽  
KEI NAKATANI ◽  
WEI-HONG XIONG ◽  
KING-WAI YAU
Keyword(s):  
Rods And Cones ◽  
Retinal Rods
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