AbstractRecently, immunotherapeutic modalities with engineered cells and monoclonal antibodies have been effective in treating several malignancies. However, growing evidence suggests that immune-related adverse events (irAE) lead to severe and long-term side effects. Most iRAEs involve prolonged circulation of antibodies. To address this problem, nucleic acid aptamers can serve as alternative molecules to design immunotherapeutics with high functional diversity and predictable circulation times. Here, we report the first synthetic prototype consisting of DNA aptamers, which can activate T-cell receptor cluster of differentiation 3 (TCR-CD3) complex in cultured T-cells. We show that activation potential is similar to that of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against TCR-CD3, suggesting the potential of aptamers in developing efficacious synthetic immunomodulators. The synthetic prototype of anti-TCR-CD3ε, as described herein, was designed using aptamer ZUCH-1 against TCR-CD3ε, generated by Ligand Guided Selection (LIGS). Aptamer ZUCH-1 was truncated and modified with nuclease-resistant RNA analogs to enhance stability. Several dimeric analogs with truncated and modified variants were designed with variable linker lengths to investigate the activation potential of each construct. Among them, dimeric aptamer with approximate dimensions similar to those of an antibody showed the highest T-cell-activation, suggesting the importance of optimizing linker lengths in engineering functional aptamers. The observed activation potential of dimeric aptamers shows the vast potential of aptamers in designing synthetically versatile immunomodulators with tunable pharmacokinetic properties, expanding immunotherapeutic designs with the use of nucleic acid-based ligands such as aptamers.
The T Cell Receptor β-Chain Second Complementarity Determining Region Loop (CDR2β) Governs T Cell Activation and Vβ Specificity by Bacterial Superantigens
