Meters and formulas

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 113-136
Author(s):  
Bruno Paoli
Keyword(s):  
Arabic Poetry ◽  
Word Stress ◽  
Metrical Pattern ◽  
Word Boundaries ◽  
Aspectual Markers ◽  
Stress Patterns

This paper deals with the metrical and rhythmical foundations of the formulaic style of ancient Arabic poetry. It is first shown how proper formulas can match different verse-patterns, by means of slight modifications such as the adjunction, deletion or substitution of conjunctions, prepositions, interrogative pronouns or aspectual markers, which partly behave like “stop-gaps”, keeping the meaning unchanged while modifying the metrical pattern of the formula. The analysis is then extended to “rhythmical formulas”, i.e. to combined metrical and word-stress patterns which serve as models for a great number of “formulaic expressions”. Word boundaries may be specified, as well as some morphological and syntactical informations, so that expressions derived from a same rhythmical formula can be classified into a number of more or less abstract subcategories. Finally, the syntagmatic combination of rhythmical formulas into lines leads to the identification of a small number of prototypical verse-instances underlying the various actual instances of a same verse-pattern.

Russian iambic pentameter

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 187-203
Author(s):  
Emily Klenin
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Line Length ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Word Stress ◽  
Russian Poetry ◽  
Iambic Pentameter ◽  
Stress Patterns

The Russian pentameter is historically associated with the English and German traditions, but typologically it has with some justice been compared to the French decasyllable. The present article analyzes the structure and cultural context of Russian pentameter and examines in detail the use of caesura in a small corpus of iambic pentameter poems by Afanasy Fet. It is shown that the use of caesura correlates with patterns of word stress. In particular, the appearance of caesuraed lines in poems in which caesura is relatively weak correlates with the stress patterns of the lines in question: caesuraed lines are less heavily stressed than uncaesuraed ones, a correlation that theoretically should promote equalization of line length across the text. Russian poetry has a general tendency to promote equality of line length, and the intrusion of occasional I6 lines into I5 texts, a phenomenon known in many Russian I5 poems, can be viewed as a related strategy for handling ragged I5 lines.

scholarly journals The Impact of Visual Aids on the Retention of English Word Stress Patterns

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farid Ghaemi ◽  
Fahimeh Rafi
Keyword(s):  
English Word ◽  
Placement Test ◽  
Visual Aids ◽  
Word Stress ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stress Patterns

The present study aimed at comparing the effectiveness of three different techniques on learners’ long term memorization of English word stress patterns. After administering a quick placement test, 67 Iranian EFL elementary learners at language institutes were selected to participate in the study. Then they were divided into three groups. Before starting the instruction, a pretest was conducted to classify the participants’ abilities on word stress patterns. Then the new techniques were used to teach English word stress patterns. In all three groups, words were printed largely on a piece of paper and the syllables were clearly specified by dots. In group ‘A’, pronunciation and stress pattern of new words were taught aurally through the repetition of the words. In group ‘B’, all the procedure was exactly similar to that of group ‘A’, the only difference was that the stressed syllables were printed in bold. In group ‘C’, all the procedure was exactly similar to that of group ‘B’,  except that the stressed syllables were not only printed in bold, but also introduced by teacher’s hand gesture. After two weeks, a delayed posttest was conducted to check long term memorization of the word stress patterns. The results of the study indicated that there was a significant difference between pretest and delayed posttest in all three groups. But the most meaningful difference belonged to group ‘C’. That is, the participants in the third group (gesture group) outperformed those in the other groups. Finally, some implications and suggestions provided for further research.   

scholarly journals New varieties of English: Issues of incomprehensibility and unintelligibility

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Z. N. Patil
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Word Stress ◽  
Phonological Features ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Stress Patterns

The present article discusses new varieties of English with reference to intelligibility and comprehensibility. It has been observed that new varieties of English display deviant phonological features. Speakers of these varieties insert a sound, delete a sound, substitute a sound, and rearrange sounds when they pronounce certain words. Moreover, they use deviant word stress patterns. These things affect the intelligibility of their speech. The new varieties differ at the level of discourse as well; the content and language used to perform certain speech acts such as coaxing, responding to questions, etc., may result in miscommunication. Thus, unintelligibility is a result of mother tongue interference and incomprehensibility is a result of mother culture interference. The article illustrates unintelligibility and incomprehensibility using examples from non-native varieties of English.

scholarly journals Word Stress Patterns in MSA: A Metrical-Based Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zainab A. Ali ◽  
Alias Abd. Ghani
Keyword(s):  
Word Stress ◽  
Stress Patterns

English Word Stress: A Theory of Word-Stress Patterns in English

Language ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Charles W. Kreidler ◽  
Ivan Poldauf ◽  
W. R. Lee
Keyword(s):  
English Word ◽  
Word Stress ◽  
Stress Patterns

scholarly journals Variation in Breton word stress: new speakers and the influence of French

Phonology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-399
Author(s):  
Holly J. Kennard
Keyword(s):  
Minority Language ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Word Stress ◽  
Medium Education ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Lexical Exceptions ◽  
New Speakers ◽  
Metrical Analysis ◽  
Linguistic Backgrounds ◽  
Stress Patterns

This paper investigates stress patterns in Breton across speakers of different ages and with different linguistic backgrounds. Centuries of contact with French have led to French influence in Breton lexis, phonology and morphosyntax, and Breton's current status as an endangered minority language makes it vulnerable to further change. Additionally, younger ‘new speakers’ of Breton, who have acquired the language through Breton-medium education, are said to transfer features from French into their Breton. Analysis of stress usage shows that older, traditional speakers use stress largely as expected, while there is a greater degree of interspeaker variation among younger, new speakers. These data are used to form a metrical analysis of stress in Breton, taking into account lexical exceptions, loanwords and the variability of younger speakers. Rather than widespread transfer of French stress patterns into Breton, some younger speakers seem to be using two competing stress systems.

The North Atlantic and the Arctic

2020 ◽  
pp. 302-315
Author(s):  
Kristján Árnason ◽  
Anja Arnhold ◽  
Ailbhe Ní Chasaide ◽  
Nicole Dehé ◽  
Amelie Dorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Word Stress ◽  
The North ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Primary Word ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Quantity Sensitivity ◽  
Stress Patterns ◽  
Pitch Movement

Goidelic word stress is initial but with some signs of quantity sensitivity. Phrasal intonation tends to be falling (for both declaratives and questions) in southern Irish dialects but rising in northern ones. Interrogativity is marked by phonetic adjustments in initial or final accents of the utterance. Icelandic and Faroese have traditional word-initial stress-to-weight but show signs of penultimate stress patterns in loanwords. Intonation is characterized by phrasal accents within overall downtrend patterns (also in questions, but with some accentual distinctions). The polysynthetic structure of the Inuit languages makes the notion of lexical stress irrelevant, but tonal targets are associated with prosodic domains of various kinds, and a distinction is made between word-level and phrase-level tones; devoicing and truncation are utterance final. In Central Alaskan Yupik, primary word stress marks the last foot by pitch movement. Enclitic bound phrases, phrasal compounds, and non-enclitic bound phrases are seen as larger constituents below the utterance.

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