As if irony was in stock

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-339
Author(s):  
Claudia Lehmann ◽  
Alexander Bergs
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Verbal Irony ◽  
As If

Abstract The linguistic treatment of verbal irony1 has more often than not focused on novel, ad hoc ironies. Research in the last decade, however, suggests that there is a considerable number of utterances that are either schematic or lexically filled and interpreted as ironic by convention. By analyzing three of these, i.e. Tell me about it, XP pro BE not (A Michelangelo he is not) and stand-alone insubordinate as if (As if anyone could pronounce that), the present paper will show that these expressions are best analyzed as constructions (Goldberg 1995, 2006). The paper will further show that the Viewpoint account of irony (Dancygier 2017; Tobin & Israel 2012) describes the data at hand most adequately.

Distortion

Dismantlings ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 93-111
Author(s):  
Matt Tierney
Keyword(s):  
Science Fiction ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Transformative Change ◽  
The Future ◽  
Fiction Writer ◽  
As If

This chapter talks about distortion as a form of dismantling. It describes distortion as the historical and theoretical technique by which readers learn to approach political documents as if they were science fiction. When considered as a vehicle of distortion, literature is measured for its potential to alter exploitative conditions, like those of war, patriarchy, and racism. The science fiction writer Samuel R. Delany insists that transformative change takes shape neither in utopian nor in dystopian visions of the future, but rather in efforts toward significant distortion of the present. This attitude, which is also a theory and practice of literature, is one way to describe the inheritance of cyberculture in the works of writers and activists who employed speculative language to repurpose the thought of Alice Mary Hilton and the Ad Hoc Committee. These writers and activists focused not on the machines that would unveil the myth of scarcity, but instead isolate the forms of human life and relation that would follow the act of unveiling.

scholarly journals Solutions of Euclid's Problems, with a rule and one fixed aperture of the compasses, by the Italian geometers of the sixteenth century

1886 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 2-22
Author(s):  
J. S. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Single Aperture ◽  
The Mean ◽  
As If

Chasles in his Aperçu, Historique sur l'origine et le développement des Méthodes en Géométrie (seconde édition, 1875, pp. 214–215) makes the following statement:“Essays of the same kind as the geometry of the rule and that of the compasses, and which hold, so to speak, the mean between the two, had long previously engaged the attention of famous mathematicians. Cardan first of all in his book De Subtilitate had resolved several of Euclid's problems by the straight line and a single aperture of the compasses, as if one had in practice only a rule and invariable compasses. Tartalea was not long in following his rival on this field, and extended this mode of treatment to some new problems. (General trattato di numeri et misure; 5ta parte, libra terzo; in-fol. Venise, 1560). Finally, a learned Piedmontese geometer, J.–B. de Benedictis, made it the object of a treatise entitled: Resolutio omnium Euclidis problematum, aliorumque ad hoc necessario inventorum, una tantummodo circini data apertura; in-4°. Venise, 1553.”

How big can case systems get? Evidence from Scottish Gaelic

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Scottish Gaelic ◽  
Case System ◽  
As If

It is well known that case systems can be augmented by the accretion of adpositions to their objects. This paper documents and explores an extensive instance of such augmentation, far exceeding any studied to date, based on an analysis of a class of words in modern Scottish Gaelic (SG) the members of which have attributes of both prepositions and pronouns. Pedagogical materials tend to call these forms prepositional pronouns, yet present the forms in paradigms organized by prepositional element, as if they represented person-number inflections on prepositional bases. This approach does not translate well into a synchronic description, however, because deriving these forms from underlying sequences requires numerous ad hoc morphophonemic stipulations. Regardless of diachronic source(s), these forms are synchronically pronominal in distribution. Shifting to a whole-heartedly pronominal analysis entails a targeted expansion of pronominal paradigms, beyond the traditional 3 nominal cases to 14. Although a number of languages present a richer array of distinct pronominal case forms than those found among nouns (e.g. English, Spanish), SG is unique in the extent to which pronoun case forms exceed those of nouns. Moreover, English and Spanish pronouns show the remnants of a case system, whereas SG has created these distinctions.

Stem Change (Apophony and Consonant Mutation) in Morphology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Morphological Operations ◽  
Morphological Markers ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Structural Pattern ◽  
Morphological Component ◽  
Sound Patterns ◽  
Do So ◽  
As If

Segment-level alternations that realize morphological properties or that have other morphological significance stand either at an interface or along a continuum between phonology and morphology. The typical source for morphologically correlated sound alternations is the automatic phonology, interacting with discrete morphological operations such as affixation. Traditional morphophonology depends on the association of an alternation with a distinct concatenative marker, but the rise of stem changes that are in themselves morphological markers, be they inflectional or derivational, resides in the fading of phonetic motivation in the conditioning environment, and thus an increase in independence from historical phonological sources. The clearest cases are sole-exponent alternations, such as English man~men or slide~slid, but it is not necessary that the remainder of an earlier conditioning affix be entirely absent, only that synchronic conditioning is fully opaque. Once a sound-structural pattern escapes the unexceptional workings of a language's general phonological patterning, yet reliably serves a signifying function for one or more morphological properties, the morphological component of the grammar bears a primary if not sole responsibility for accounting for the pattern’s distribution. It is not uncommon for the transition of analysis into morphology from (morpho)phonology to be a fitful one. There is an established tendency for phonological theory to hold sway in matters of sound generally, even at the expense of challenging learnability through the introduction of remote representations, ad hoc triggering devices, or putative rules of phonology of very limited generality. On the morphological side, a bias in favor of separable morpheme-like units and syntax-like concatenative dynamics has relegated relations like stem alternations to the margins, no matter how regular, productive, or distinct from general phonological patterns in the language in question overall. This parallel focus of each component on a "specialization" as it were has left exactly morphologically significant stem alternations such as Germanic Ablaut and Celtic initial-consonant mutation poorly served. In both families, these robust sound patterns generally lack reliable synchronic phonological conditioning. Instead, one must crucially refer to grammatical structure and morphological properties in order to account for their distributions. It is no coincidence that such stem alternations look phonological, just as fossils resemble the forms of the organisms that left them. The work of morphology likewise does not depend on alternant segments sharing aspects of sound, but the salience of the system may benefit from perceptible coherence of form. One may observe what sound relations exist between stem alternants, but it is neither necessary nor realistic to oblige a speaker/learner to generate established stem alternations anew from remote underlying representations, as if the alternations were always still arising; to do so constitutes a grafting of the technique of internal reconstruction as a recapitulating simulation within the synchronic grammar.

scholarly journals Un automóvil de carrera es más bello que la Venus de Samotracia: notas sobre la primera generación futurista

2019 ◽  
pp. 22-33
Author(s):  
Alfonso Castrillón Vizcarra
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Aesthetic Ideas ◽  
As If

ResumenEn junio de este año el público limeño tuvo la suerte de ver una gran exposición titulada Futurismo y velocidad, auspiciada por la Embajada de Italia y el Instituto Italiano de Cultura en Lima, en el tradicional Museo Italiano, como si las obras hubiesen sido escogidas ad hoc para sus salas. Sinembargo, la extraordinaria colección solo reunía cuadros de una segunda generación de pintores futuristas, presentados por un acertado estudio de Maurizio Scudiero. Animado por esta circunstancia, decidí escribir unas notas sobre el primer futurismo, el de su creador F. T. Marinetti y sus seguidores, sus ideas estéticas, políticas y sus aportes, con el fin de dar al lector los datos para que establezca el puente entre las dos generaciones. Palabras clave: futurismo, pintura futurista, manifiesto, Marinetti, Mussolini    Abstract  In June of this year, the Lima public was lucky enough to see a large exhibition entitled “Futurismo y velocidad” (Futurism and speed”), sponsored by the Italian Embassy and the Istituto Italiano di Cultura in the traditional Italian Museum, as if the works had been chosen ad hoc for their rooms. However, the extraordinary collection only brought together paintings by a second generation of Futurist artists, introduced by an accurate study by Maurizio Scudiero. Encouraged by this circumstance I decided to write some notes on the first futurism, that of its creator F.T. Marinetti, and his followers, his aesthetic ideas, policies and contributions, in order to give the reader the data to establish the bridge between the two generations. Keywords: Futurism, Futuristic Painting, Manifesto, Marinetti, Mussolini.

NEW POSSIBILITIES IN COGNITIVE THERAPY FOR DEPRESSION?

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen B. Barton
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Cognitive Strategy ◽  
Clinical Effectiveness ◽  
Cognitive Content ◽  
Limited Success ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
As If

This article argues for the benefits of a revision of cognitive therapy for depression around two main points. First, compared to recently developeded models for other disorders, our knowledge of cognitive content in depression is out of date and attracting little research, as if there is no more to be learned about what depressed people think and feel. Recent trends to challenge cognitive processes, without addressing the relevant content, might therefore meet with limited success, depending on how the content and processes are linked. Second, re-reading Beck et al. (1979) suggests the importance of exploring the meanings attached to precipitating events, a cognitive strategy that has fallen into the background, is probably used in an ad hoc fashion, and needs to be used more systematically to improve clinical effectiveness.

Improvement of an artificial test substrate technique for evaluation of em immunocytochemical labeling

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 762-763
Author(s):  
G. D. Gagne ◽  
M. F. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Artificial Substrate ◽  
Chemical Fixation ◽  
As If

We recently described an artificial substrate system which could be used to optimize labeling parameters in EM immunocytochemistry (ICC). The system utilizes blocks of glutaraldehyde polymerized bovine serum albumin (BSA) into which an antigen is incorporated by a soaking procedure. The resulting antigen impregnated blocks can then be fixed and embedded as if they are pieces of tissue and the effects of fixation, embedding and other parameters on the ability of incorporated antigen to be immunocyto-chemically labeled can then be assessed. In developing this system further, we discovered that the BSA substrate can also be dried and then sectioned for immunolabeling with or without prior chemical fixation and without exposing the antigen to embedding reagents. The effects of fixation and embedding protocols can thus be evaluated separately.

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