scholarly journals Metonymies and metaphors of sadness in the Old English vocabulary

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-302
Author(s):  
Emilia Castaño Castaño ◽  
Isabel Verdaguer Clavera
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Emotional Information Processing ◽  
Ancient Times

Abstract The aim of this paper is to explore the predominant metonymic and metaphoric conceptualizations of sadness in the Old English period. To this end, the Old English expressions for emotional distress recorded in The Old English Thesaurus and old English dictionaries have been analyzed. Taking as a starting point the experiential grounding of emotion conceptualization, we first present experimental evidence in support of the role of somato-behavioral reactions in emotion recognition, affective state induction and emotional information processing and interpretation, and review the most common metonymic and metaphoric expressions for sadness in Modern English. Next, we analyze the Old English vocabulary for sadness and the interplay between embodiment and culture in the conceptualization and linguistic description of emotional distress. Such analysis makes it clear that in ancient times, as in present day English, sadness and psychological distress were also conceptualized in terms of unpleasant physical conditions such as illness, cold, darkness or heaviness. Consequently, a long-term diachronic trend in the conceptualization of sadness can be traced even though its linguistic realization and motivation have varied through time.

The role of extraversion, neuroticism and positive and negative mood in emotional information processing

2008 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 392-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parvin Rafienia ◽  
Parviz Azadfallah ◽  
Ali Fathi-Ashtiani ◽  
Kazem Rasoulzadeh-Tabatabaiei
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Emotional Information Processing

Reproductive Behavior in the Human Male

2019 ◽  
pp. 123-141
Author(s):  
Stefan M. M. Goetz ◽  
Glenn Weisfeld ◽  
Samuele Zilioli
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Parental Effort ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Human Male ◽  
Evolutionary Success

Given the pivotal role of differential reproduction to the evolutionary success of ancestral men, evolution has produced a plethora of reproductive strategies aimed at solving the complexities of intramale competition and satisfying and/or thwarting the reproductive desires of women. Life history theory recognizes that an organism has limited resources and must invest energy appropriately. Broadly, reproductive strategies can be dichotomized into short-term (emphasizing mating over parental effort) versus long-term (emphasizing parenting over mating effort) strategies. Increasingly, the neuroendocrine system—especially testosterone—has been recognized as the proximate mechanism orchestrating adoption of one strategy over the other. This chapter reviews behaviors geared toward solving problems associated with both long-term and short-term reproductive strategies and discusses the neuroendocrine correlates. The adoption of one strategy over another is conceptualized as conditional or facultative adaptations in which strategic switching points are tuned over evolutionary time to produce optimal fitness responses to men’s social and physical conditions.

Getting to the root: young writers' sensitivity to the role of root morphemes in the spelling of inflected and derived words

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. HÉLÈNE DEACON ◽  
PETER BRYANT
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Spelling Development ◽  
English Orthography ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
And Control

The English orthography is morphophonemic: spellings encode both morphemes and phonemes. Questions of the starting point and extent of young children's understanding of the link between morphemes and spelling are important for theories of spelling development. We conducted two experiments to address these issues. In Experiment 1, 65 six- to eight-year-old English-speaking children spelled just the first sections of inflected, derived and control words. Their spelling of these first segments was better in inflected and derived words than in control words. The findings were replicated in Experiment 2 with 78 six- to eight-year-old children spelling a greater number of items. These two studies converge on the conclusion that, in specific testing situations, six- to eight-year-old children appreciate the role of root morphemes in the spelling of both inflected and derived words. These results are discussed in relation to current models of spelling development.

scholarly journals The Anti-Masters

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-157
Author(s):  
Andrzej Paweł Wejland
Keyword(s):  
Research Communities ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Open Debate ◽  
Autobiographical Note ◽  
Primary Relationship ◽  
Scholarly Discourse ◽  
Local Research

The author’s reflections, which include an autobiographical note, focus on local research communities, that is, communities where the living scholarly discourse usually unfolds within one paradigm and the teachings of a Master which fill this paradigm. The starting point is the observation, referring mostly to the broadly understood humanities, that the discourse within a community which centres on a Master is sometimes imbued with the critical, sometimes even opposing narrations of anti-masters. In the primary relationship, the anti-masters and the Master confront each other as living people, as researchers who sometimes engage in an open debate and sometimes raise a dividing wall of critical silence. Taking into consideration the scale and the contents of these confrontations, the author distinguishes four categories of anti-masters. He also points out that the role of anti-masters in local research communities is often beneficial, especially from the long-term perspective. Their narratives may inspire and expand the community’s scholarly horizons, including, as does occasionally happen, the views of wise Masters and their faithful disciples.

scholarly journals Genitive Modifiers, Sorts, and Metonymy

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Borschev ◽  
Barbara H. Partee
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Semantic Framework ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Theoretic Semantic ◽  
Type Shifting ◽  
Model Theoretic Semantic

Our long-term goal is to contribute to the integration of formal and lexical semantics. Our more immediate theoretical starting point is the idea of “text as theory”, within a model-theoretic semantic framework. We describe a set of empirical problems in the domain of genitive modifiers that offers a challenge to theories of the integration of lexical, compositional, and contextual information. After sketching a solution, we raise the issue of metonymy in the interpretation of genitives, and examine the role of sortal information in the specification of underspecified meanings and in processes of type-shifting and sort-shifting, including metonymy.

Structure of the Local Tiers in Germany

2016 ◽  
pp. 51-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Franzke
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Public Management ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Long Term Trends

This chapter analyses basic long-term trends in local governance in Germany in their functional, political, territorial and administrative dimensions. The traditions and legal framework of German local self-government form the starting point of the chapter. Subsequently, the role of the local level in the German federal system and the level of its autonomy are analysed. After that, the most important political-administrative actors in local governance examines, such as councilors, mayors, local administration, local branches of political parties and free voters associations. In describing the long-term trends and challenges in German local politics, special attention is paid to local public management, local democracy and citizen participation. Finally, the chapter ends with a summary of the most important aspects of the development of the municipalities and districts in Germany and with a view towards further reform.

scholarly journals The metaphorical conceptualization of sadness in the Anglo-Saxon elegies

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-102
Author(s):  
Isabel Verdaguer ◽  
Emilia Castaño
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Term Trend ◽  
Physical Discomfort ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Long Term Trend ◽  
The Wanderer

Abstract The aim of this paper is to explore the predominant metaphorical conceptualization of sadness in three Old English elegiac monologues whose main themes are the pain and solitude of exile and separation. Taking as a starting point the Cognitive Theory of Metaphor and briefly reviewing the experimental evidence that supports the experiential grounding of our conceptualization of sadness, as well as our own previous research on the Old English expressions for emotional distress, we analyze the use of sadness metaphors in the elegies The Wanderer, The Seafarer and The Wife’s Lament. This analysis clearly shows that in the Old English period, as in present day English, sadness was largely expressed in metaphorical terms. Cold, darkness and physical discomfort were recurrent source domains in its depiction, which suggests a long-term trend in the metaphorical conceptualization of sadness, whose cognitive reality is empirically supported by experimental research.

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