Explaining the double reflexes of word-initial high short vowels in Fox

Diachronica ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ives Goddard

Summary Word-initial high short vowels have two apparently unconditioned reflexes in Fox. Pre-Fox *o- (< Proto-Algonquian *we-) and *i- (< Proto-Algonquian *e-) are continued as o- and i- in some cases, but more frequently both become a-. Words that retained the high-vowel quality of o- and i- (which was sometimes subsequently lost) fall mostly into four sets: enclitics, highly topical nouns, words containing the third-person prefix, and words that bear a valence for an oblique complement. While this distributuion is clearly not random, it does not provide an explanation for the retention as long as the unaffected words are considered only as isolated lexical items. When, however, the patterns of the use of these classes of words in sentences are examined, they are all seen to have a greater tendency than others to occur after other words in closely linked phrases. This suggests that the retention of o- and i- can be explained as resulting from the blocking of the regular shift of these vowels to a- at the beginning of words that were closely linked to the preceding word in a phrase. Words with a greater tendency to appear in this sandhi environment generalized o- and i-, while other words tended to generalize a-. This case illustrates how sound change may operate at the sentence level (as Brugmann argued) and how it may thus correlate indirectly with patterns and categories of syntactic and discourse organization. Résumé En début de mot en Fox il y a deux traitements différents des voyelles brèves fermées. Dans certains cas le *o- et le *i- d’un stade antérieur (< protoalgonquien *we- et *e-), qui subsistent tels quels dans plusieurs langues algonquiennes, se maintiennent aussi en Fox, mais le plus souvent ces voyelles on abouti à a en Fox. Les mots qui conservent les timbres d’origine se rangent pour la plupart dans quatre catégories, à savoir: les enclitiques, les noms de grande topicalité inhérente, les mots qui contiennent le préfixe de la troisième personne, et les mots qui portent une valence grammaticale pour un complément oblique. Il est évident que cette répartition ne s’est pas faite par hasard, mais on ne s’explique pas pourquoi ce sont précisément ces mots qui conservent le timbre primitif de la voyelle initiale, du moins s’ils sont considérées comme des mots isolés. Mais quand par contre on examine l’usage des mots de ces quatre catégories dans la phrase, on constate qu’ils ont fortement tendance à être liés étroitement au mot précédent par la syntaxe et la phonétique de la phrase. Ce fait montre que le maintien de o- et de i- pourrait s’expliquer de la manière suivante: ces voyelles deviennent a- sauf dans le cas d’un mot qui est étroitement lié, phonétiquement, au mot précédent. Les mots tendant le plus à se trouver dans ces conditions de sandhi généralisent le o- et le i-, tandis que les autres mots dans la plupart des cas généralisent le a-. Cet exemple montre que le changement phonétique peut se réaliser dans le contexte de la phrase (comme l’avait affirmé Brugmann), et que par conséquent ses effets peuvent indirectement correspondre à des structures et des catégories de l’organisation de la phrase syntaxique et du discours. Zusammenfassung Im Anlaut zeigen kurze geschlossene Vokale zwei Entsprechungen im Fox, anscheinend ohne bestimmte Ursache für die Spaltung. In einigen Fällen werden das *o- und *i- einer früheren Stufe (< Proto-Algonkin *we- bzw. *e-), die in vielen Algonkinsprachen unverändert bleiben, auch im Fox behalten, aber häufiger treten die beiden als a- auf. Die Wörter, die die Urqualitäten der zwei Vokale behalten haben, ordnen sich meistens in vier Klassen ein, nämlich, Enklitika, Nomina von hoher innerer Topikalität, Wörter die das Präfix der dritten Person enthalten, und Wörter die eine grammatische Valenz für eine oblique Ergänzung tragen. Obgleich diese Verteilung offenbar nicht zufällig ist, so liefert sie doch keine Aufklärung für die Erhaltung von o- und i-, vorausgesetzt, dass die unveränderten Wörter nur als isolierte lexikalische Einheiten betrachtet werden. Wenn man hingegen die Gebrauchsmuster dieser Wortklassen in Sätzen untersucht, sieht man, dass sie mit höherer Wahrscheinlichkeit als zweiter Teil einer eng verbundenen Phrase zu finden sind. Diese Tatsache deutet an, dass sich die Erhaltung von o- und i- als Resultat der Blockierung des regelrechten Lautwechsels zu a- unter besonderen Sandhi-Umständen erklären lässt, nämlich wenn ein Wort mit dem betreffenden Vokal in einer eng verbundenen Phrase mit dem vorhergehenden Wort stand. Wörter mit der starken Neigung zu solcher Wortfügung haben o- und i- verallgemeinert, während andere dazu tendieren a- zu verallgemeinern. Dieses Beispiel zeigt, dass der Lautwandel als Satzphonetik wirken kann (wie Brugmann behauptet hat), und folglich in Wechselbeziehung mit Mustern und Kategorien der Syntax und des Diskurses stehen mag.

Author(s):  
Oksana Sakhniuk

The article presents the analysis of the structural and linguo-pragmatic peculiarities of Internet health forum messages in English. Pain is a well-known to everybody but at the same time rather private sensation that can be experienced only by person in pain and is differently viewed from the perspective of the person describing pain of another person. Talking about their own pain people feel quite comfortable, use a wide range of synonyms and adjectives that help convey in detail the quality of pain they experience. However, describing somebody’s pain people feel embarrassed, because they cannot feel the pain of another person. The article presents an attempt to describe the linguistic means used to convey pain from the first and the third person singular. The author analyses the English Internet health forum messages and the differences in the description of pain from the perspective of the person in pain and from the perspective of the person verbalizing pain of another person. These questions have not been the subject of linguistic research yet. In relation to the speaker all the verbs used to express pain were divided into the three groups: I know this pain / I have experienced it; I retell the words of another person and I see / observe what another person feels.


Author(s):  
Matthias Hofer

Abstract. This was a study on the perceived enjoyment of different movie genres. In an online experiment, 176 students were randomly divided into two groups (n = 88) and asked to estimate how much they, their closest friends, and young people in general enjoyed either serious or light-hearted movies. These self–other differences in perceived enjoyment of serious or light-hearted movies were also assessed as a function of differing individual motivations underlying entertainment media consumption. The results showed a clear third-person effect for light-hearted movies and a first-person effect for serious movies. The third-person effect for light-hearted movies was moderated by level of hedonic motivation, as participants with high hedonic motivations did not perceive their own and others’ enjoyment of light-hearted films differently. However, eudaimonic motivations did not moderate first-person perceptions in the case of serious films.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyang Yu

The human brain and the human language are precisely constructed together by evolution/genes, so that in the objective world, a human brain can tell a story to another brain in human language which describes an imagined multiplayer game; in this story, one player of the game represents the human brain itself. It’s possible that the human kind doesn’t really have a subjective world (doesn’t really have conscious experience). An individual has no control even over her choices. Her choices are controlled by the neural substrate. The neural substrate is controlled by the physical laws. So, her choices are controlled by the physical laws. So, she is powerless to do anything other than what she actually does. This is the view of fatalism. Specifically, this is the view of a totally global fatalism, where people have no control even over their choices, from the third-person perspective. And I just argued for fatalism by appeal to causal determinism. Psychologically, a third-person perspective and a new, dedicated personality state are required to bear the totally global fatalism, to avoid severe cognitive dissonance with our default first-person perspective and our original personality state.


Philologus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 164 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-106
Author(s):  
Klaas Bentein

AbstractMuch attention has been paid to ‘deictic shifts’ in Ancient Greek literary texts. In this article I show that similar phenomena can be found in documentary texts. Contracts in particular display unexpected shifts from the first to the third person or vice versa. Rather than constituting a narrative technique, I argue that such shifts should be related to the existence of two major types of stylization, called the ‘objective’ and the ‘subjective’ style. In objectively styled contracts, subjective intrusions may occur as a result of the scribe temporarily assuming himself to be the deictic center, whereas in subjectively styled contracts objective intrusions may occur as a result of the contracting parties dictating to the scribe, and the scribe not modifying the personal references. There are also a couple of texts which display more extensive deictic alter­nations, which suggests that generic confusion between the two major types of stylization may have played a role.


1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-242
Author(s):  
Jay G. Williams

“Might it not be possible, just at this moment when the fortunes of the church seem to be at low ebb, that we may be entering a new age, an age in which the Holy Spirit will become far more central to the faith, an age when the third person of the Trinity will reveal to us more fully who she is?”


2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-80
Author(s):  
Edward A. Beckstrom

For centuries a mystery has surrounded the meaning of Jesus' term “The Son of Man” in his ministry, and today it is often called “The Son of Man Problem.” Studying “Son of Man” in all of its biblical references, and apocryphal usages, together with insights from the Dead Sea Scrolls, I propose a solution that the idiom means “Priest” or “High Priest,” but most especially “Heavenly High Priest” and is framed in the third person by Jesus because it is expressed as his destiny given by God—it is the Will of God. “The Son of Man” is distinct from Jesus own will, but is the destiny he follows. It is also the use of this term that caused Caiaphas to cry “blasphemy” at Jesus' Sanhedrin trial, who then sent him to Pilate for crucifixion, yet asserting that Jesus proclaimed himself “King of the Jews.” Caiaphas, knew, I believe, that “Son of Man” was synonymous with “High Priest.”


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